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comment on p. 19 that “Informal sport accounts for a significant proportion of all sporting activity and is cheap to deliver yet    historically has gone relatively unsupported”.
v. Discuss the application of a standard supply and demand model to establish whether the issues highlighted of rapid fall off rates (by age) in sport participation and increasingly sedentary leisure pursuits are due to changes in underlying tastes and alternatives or to declining provision of sports facilities and human capital investment.
vi. Compile a list of the most important types of information (in terms of policy relevance) that are missing from this document and see if you can obtain some more recent evidence on the items you have identified.

4. It is common for local and national government to attempt to promote arts and culture because these are seen as socially desirable. Explain why there might be market failure preventing optimal choices of arts and culture in the absence of intervention. Discuss the relative merits of spending taxpayers' money on giving free tickets to students to attend theatres, operas and art galleries versus lowering the price of these events by directly subsidising performance.

ECONOMICS OF LEISURE DEFINITION OF OUTPUT

Many leisure goods have public good properties and some other indivisibility in output

For example

Sport-
a competitive match is ONE unit of output .
All teams in a league must supply the same number of units of output but in a ‘knock out’
cup they will supply between 1 and n units of output depending on performance

Each unit of output can be consumed by a large range of numbers of consumers without the amount available to each being diminished. This is the public good property.
BUT small attendances may bring a lose of ‘atmosphere’ benefits to some consumers

Arts/Media/Culture

Similar conditions apply –for exampe – a play, concert or soap opera episode is one unit of output. These form part of a series of outputs which  may be fixed.
For example, a soap opera has a fixed weekly output. A play or musical or concert tour typically has a predetrmined number of performances. These may be increased or decreased due to the state of demand.

In general the important point is that many lesiure firms have little fexibility in altering output in the short to medium run.

Practical measurement problems

The difficulty in measuring output is a serious problem if we want to study average cost functions, efficiency etc. Most studies would tend to look at the number of paying consumers as the measure of output.
There are further problems with reproducible media as opposed to live performances.
The output of a CD or DVD plant is the number of CDs/DVDS.
However each purchaser has a very diffferent intensity of use. Some may not play the
代写留学生论文disc at all and some may play it many times. Probably most economists would treat this in terms of consumer surplus.
If A and B both pay £10 for the same good and A plays it 100 times with great enjoyment and B plays it once with little enjoyment then A is likely to have had great consumer surplus and B has made a consumption ‘mistake’ That is they will be likely to have had
marginal value from the good that falls below its price.
Note: it should be borne in mind that digital  media are very often given as prese本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。