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y. In ancient China the development of entrepreneurship was
much affected by the social and cultural factors. Several such factors stand out clearly
influencing the growth of entrepreneurship in the Chinese ancient history.

1. Anticipated role of government in business
For several thousands of years, people in China had believed that the government should
play an  important  role in business rather  than individuals. Almost all governments  in different
dynasties practiced the doctrine of “focusing on the originals (agriculture) and constrainingthe nonessentials (commerce)”. This concept resulted in tight control over all business
activities politically, economically, legally, and even  included daily  life activities  for businesspeople.
2. Social bias against wealth
2. Social bias against wealth
Equalitarianism had been always upheld as desired social goal, while  in realty the Chinese
society had been always hierarchical. This value is at the root of the popular thought that
“killing riches to help poor” in the ancient China. This social bias against the merchants
hampered the development of entrepreneurials and deterred individuals to strive for
innovation. As a result individuals conformed to the society in the way that one had better
stayed as small for just enough for living, not to work hard and to develop in order to
protect oneself and family. This social bias is still the major reason that many Chinesepeople were afraid to show off their wealth even today.   Many entrepreneurs with wealthare trying to avoid listing their name on “Richest People in China” (Sun, 2002)
3. Scholars rather than merchants
The entrepreneurship stagnated in the ancient history of China was also due to the lowsocial status placed on merchants in the ancient China. The Chinese  society had primarilybeen influenced by Confucius who advocated that “of all careers in the world, the scholaris  the most superior to all”. Under such influences, the society preferred “to be educated tobe merit,  then to be officials”. The first choice of individuals was to get educated to passimperial exams in order to become officials. The  second choice was to stay as  farmers, the
third was to work in workshop, and the final choice was to learn to be a merchant.

III. Recent Growth of Entrepreneurship in China
Immediate after Cultural Revolution in 1976, there was no existence of private business andprivate ownership was still political taboo. The adoption of market-oriented reform in thewinter of 1978 that prioritized economic development and stressed individual incentivesgave rise to the initial impetus to the revival of private business. When the government
took its first step towards economic reform, there was no well-defined strategy and  clearblueprint, and the re-emergence of private business was on experimental basis through  theauthors’ observations.

In 1981 the State Council enacted a set of regulations that permitted private businessoperated by an individual or a family, called geti gongshang hu or getihu. An individualbusiness is allowed to hire only one or two helpers and several apprentices with  the total
number of employees not exceeding seven. The private business began to emerge andboom in  the rural areas in the early 1980s. In the same period, Wenzhou, a coastal cit本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。