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On the other hand, Sheldon et al, (2001) argues that non self determined motivation can be observed when one performs a behavior in order to attain a positive end state, e.g. to obtain a reward, or to avoid a negative end state e.g. avoiding a punishment.

Porras, Emery and Thomson (2007) in Success Built to last, refers to wealth, fame, and power as not the goals or accomplishments multiple entrepreneurs felt in a survey as important. Money and recognition were only byproducts of work i.e. “they are outcomes of passionately working often on an entirely different objective that is often a personal calling or cause” (pg, 20).

According to Hornady and Aboud, (2003), entrepreneurial traits and behaviors are also factors associated with multiple business entrepreneurs. An earlier research had found out that a number of trait and behavioral theories had the hall marks of those theories that an understanding of the multiple entrepreneurship phenomenon could be realized by determining the personality traits and the external contexts of the entrepreneurs' ideas and ventures. Gartner (2005), proposed four dimensions namely individual, organization, environment and venture process.

Bird (1988) argues that Intentionality is also a factor linked with multiple business entrepreneurship, whereby it explains why one would be motivated towards Multiple Entrepreneurship over organizational employment. Multiple -Entrepreneurship clearly represents planned, intentional behavior and therefore seems amenable to research using formal models of intentions (Katz and Gartner, 1988). Intentions are the best indicators of behavior, and are both shaped and influenced by personal and situational variables (Katz and Gartner, 1988). Therefore, by focusing on intentions, scholars have looked into a wider, more holistic view of multiple entrepreneurs, and instead of simply looking behaviors and characteristics, they found other variables such as personal history, value systems, attitudes and perceptions to matter as factors affecting multiple business entrepreneurship.

According to Ajzen (2002), foundations of intentions in Multiple Entrepreneurship stem from two models namely;

Ajzen's theory of planned behavior

Shapero's model of the multiple entrepreneurial event

As factor affecting Multiple Entrepreneurs, the theory of planned behavior hypothesize 3 antecedents to intentions or planned behavior

Attitude towards operating multiple ventures

Subjective norm

Perceived Behavior Control (Bandura 1986, pg 188)

The argument is that the three antecedents affect the intentions which affect the actual behavior i.e. operating several ventures (Bandura 1986, pg 188).

So as to have the multiple entrepreneurs behave the way they do, Shapero (1982, pg 7884) proposes that they are motivated toward “life path changes” such as the multiplicity in entrepreneurship, by factors such as job, family situation, inertia and daily pulls and pushes. External factors include negative displacements e.g. being fired, transferred or demoted, whil本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。