英语论文网

our specialists. At the higher in the provincial level and national level is equipped with at least 15 specialists. Total public and private hospitals were 1.268 hospitals in 2005.

The health sector in Indonesia fares less favorably than the overall economy as reflected in the health expenditure table. A major constraint is the continued low level of funding to the health sector. In 2001, total spending on health amounted to an estimated 2.6% of GDP in Indonesia compared with 5.5% on average among developing countries worldwide. This translates to about US$ 16 per person, approximately 63% of which originates from individual out-of-pocket expenditures. From the international community, the contribution to health is similarly inadequate. The Government of Indonesia made substantial development progress, with GNP per capita increasing rapidly between 1970 and the early 1990s. Health status also improved remarkably. Whereas a child born in Indonesia in the 1960s could expect to live 46 years, one born in 1996 could expect to live for nearly 65 years. Although difficult to measure, such achievements were due in part to health investments that expanded access to basic services. The total fertility rate, for example, declined from 5.6 in the 1960s to 2.6 children per woman today. This decline was largely attributable to increased contraceptive use. Indonesia invested considerable public funds in health and social services during the 1970s and 1980s. Such investments matched international commitments to expand basic social services, primarily via the public sector, and were largely comprised of infrastructure and equipment for improving access to basic services. For example, the Government nearly doubled the number of public health facilities between 1974 and 1995 to more than 7,000 health centers and 20,000 auxiliary health centers.

The Indonesian government fund their health care systems through a system of taxes. This tax burden is progressive, with lower income quintiles contributing less to the pool of resources. The Ministry of Health and their sub-national departments at the provincial and district level arranges and finances the 'main system' of health service provision under public management. This is in principle accessible for all Indonesian citizens . The decentralization in 2001 has changed the intergovernmental transfer system away from earmarked funding. Before the decentralization, the central transfers were mostly in the form of these earmarked funding. The largest of these transfers was the subsidy from the central government to the autonomous regions. After the decentralization, the central transfers were designed to minimize the vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances incurred by regional government and to implement the functions stipulated in the decentralization law. These central transfers were then called 'balancing funds'. In Indonesia it is very normal to pay for your health care out of pocket (OOP). That means that when you need health care, you go to a health institution and pay immediately for the care you have received. The Nation Health Account (2007) estimated that nearly 50% of the health spending is OOP. It is difficult to achieve equity in health financing as long as high OOP levels exist. The OOP-payments have a large impact of the health insurance of Indones本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。