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Chapter One Literature Review

1.1 Related Researches abroad
It has been developingover the years and has become particularly influential in the latter half of the twentiethcentury. Jean Piaget was the leading figure in cognitive-developmental constructivism.The most enduring aspect of his theory has been his emphasis on the constructive natureof the learning process and much of his emphasis has also been put upon the major roleof affect in intellectual development in the book entitled Intelligence and Affectivity.Piaget suggested that cognition and affect are actually “two sides of the same coin” andthat there is “constant interaction between affectivity and intelligence”. The basis forErikson’s ideas is that human psychological development depends on the way in whichindividuals pass through predetermined maturational stages and upon the challengesthat are set by society at particular time in their lives. Erikson calls this the fundamentalepigenetic principle. He suggests that every individual proceeds through eight stagesfrom birth to old age, each of which poses a particular kind of challenge or crisis. If thischallenge is handled well with the help of other significant people in their lives, thenindividuals can move relatively smoothly into the next stage and will be in a strongerposition to meet future challenges. However, if the challenges are inadequately dealtwith, for whatever reason, they will continue to reappear throughout a person’s life,making it more and more difficult to deal with the subsequent stages and challengesappropriately.
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1.2 Related Researches in China
Traditional English teaching approach is a teacher-centered one. In the traditionalEnglish language classroom, the picture is that teachers cram to learners all relevantknowledge that they think important, while learners are like machines keeping busyrecording all the information their teachers give them, completely forgetting tocomprehend what the information really mean. Such traditional English teachingapproach fails to help learners develop all of the four skills: listening, speaking, readingand writing. Obviously it is quite wrong adopting such kind of teaching method. Theycomes the modern foreign language teaching.Foreign language teaching theory aims to explain the complex process of foreignlanguage learning and teaching and set guidelines for language teachers. And an optimalframework for foreign language teaching theory is likely to include the following topics(Wang Lifei, 2000):(1) Basic learning theory: a theory of foreign language learning which includes anunderstanding of what language is, what learning is and what teaching is and thenature of human learning.(2) L1 acquisition theory: a knowledge of children’s learning of their first languagewhich provides essential insights to an understanding of second language learning.(3) L2 learning theory: a theory of foreign language learning that is a part of andadheres to general principles of human learning and intelligence.
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Chapter Two Affective Factors in English Language Learning

2.1 Motivation
Most psychologists wouldagree that a theory of human motivation concerns itself with “those factors that energizebehaviour and give it direction” (Hilgard, et al. 1979:28); while, Brown (1980:112)observes, “motivation is probably the most often used catch-all term for explain本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。