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alifications as well as improved employee motivation.
Waste Minimisation hasexternal business benefitsby managing a variety of your businesses stakeholder relationships. Industry's investors, customers, the general public, the regulator, companies within your supply chain and contractors may require evidence of good environmental performance or look for a 'green' image. [5]

如何得到这些好处——How to achieve the benefits:

Waste minimisation demands action on three fronts:
1. People:
Many reductions in waste can be accomplished through improved housekeeping. It is crucial that employees are aware of the issues related to waste and are motivated and trained to prevent it.
2. Methodology:
A systematic approach to measurement and control foregrounds deficiencies and problems, alters targets to be set and maintains levels of efficiency.
3. Technology:
Capital investment in new technology can enhance productivity and decrease waste generation, giving very short paybacks.

垃圾最小化的方法——METHODS OF WASTE MINIMISATION

The process of waste minimisation through 'Designing out Waste' is still at the early stage of development. Many barriers and opportunities exist in developing waste minimisation strategies in design. If this process is considered in the early stages of construction activities, there are opportunities for it to exist.
The waste hierarchy (see figure 1) establishes waste reduction as one of the highest priorities for addressing the increasing volumes of waste. The target for any waste reduction strategy must be to focus on opportunities from the outset, at the earliest stages of design. Many barriers and opportunities exist in developing a strategy of waste reduction in design.
Opportunities for waste minimisation exist in four construction areas:
1. Project Planning
2. Pre-Construction
3. Off-Site Activities
4. On-Site Activities

项目计划——PROJECT PLANNING:

During project planning phase, it is essential that waste management strategy is made for better profit margins. Focus on elimination of waste is the prime factor. Communicating strategies with client, developer, designer, builder, project manager, contractors and suppliers is very important. Analysis on waste reduction plan should be done.

施工前——PRE CONSTRUCTION:

This stage involves three areas where waste reduction is possible.
* Designing: proper and accurate dimensions, proposing standard material sizes, building for deconstruction (can be easily reused if future modifications occur with ease and minimum wastage) and operational waste reduction.
* Estimating: over estimation of required materials leads to wastage.
* Purchasing: Buying environmental friendly items, using procurement policy as specifying manufacturers and suppliers your exact requirements reduces the amount of waste.

OFF-SITE ACTIVITIES:
??· Prefabrication: By prefabricating frames and trusses, timber waste can be decreased to an extent.

ON-SITE ACTIVITIES:
* Delivery and storage of materials.
* Packaging
* Separation of materials.
* Safe disposal of unavoidable waste.

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