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levels (material level/formation level) 6
3.2 behavior level 9
3.3 Global level. 13
4. Possibilities and Limitations 15
5. Conclusions 17
Reference 18

5. Conclusions 总结

Although the serious influence of the climate change on urban environment has been awakened and tried to solve, the unpredictability of extreme climate is a big handicap. Hence, a more flexible and effective method is urgently required.
Due to the climate change, the influence on the built environment will be increased in intensity in the near future. Therefore, it is necessary to re-evaluate the built environment. However, if we want to improve the complexity system of architecture and urban design, we have to use a more integrating and general theory, that is self-organization theory and emergence theory. Since self-organization and emergence put emphasis on different aspects on systematic behavior, there are few similarities between them. Both are dynamic processes and robust. Though self-organization and emergence have few similarities, they are closely related to each other and their mutual complement makes great contribution to future architecture and urban design. In many complex adaptive systems, self-organization and emergence occur together.
According to self-organization in biology, when the theory is applied in building material, there appear many biomimetic materials which can help the building adapt to the environmental change and extreme climate, including composite material, plant fiber, grid structure, concrete improvement material, plastic building materials, intelligent material, and multifunctional materials and so on. According to biological self-organization theory, biological systems belong to system self-assembled which become strong structures by using the assembling of weak materials.
In the development of modern urban building and architecture, there are both possibilities and limitations. In most complicated adaptive systems, emergence and self-organization usually occur together, because both parties have their shortcomings and the combination of these two theories can help them make up mutual weakness. Though there are many possibilities in urban building for the purpose of adapting to the extreme climate, there are still some limitations. Since there are restrictions in evolutionary and growth of biological entities, to great extent, it has many limitations.
Therefore, the integration of a thorough understanding on self-organization theory into urban architecture design will be important for creating a built environment which is beneficial to human communities’ health, and enhances positive incorporation with natural transformation.

Reference 文献

Annon, (2005), ‘Natural innovation: the growing discipline of biomimetics’, Strategic Direction 21(10), 35–37.
Atkinson, W.I., (2007), ‘Mouthwash for a smokestack. Biological process cleanses carbon dioxide from industrial emissions’, Toronto Globe and Mail, May 1.
Baird, G., (2001), The Architectural Expression of Environmental Control Systems, London and New York, NY, Spon Press.
Bejan, A., (2000), Shape and Structure from Engineering to Nature, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Camazine, S.: Self-Organization in biological systems. Princeton Studies in Complexity. Princeton