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States' Government for more than twodecades; it is also the standard used by the United Nations and most of the world'smedia. (Philip Melzer, Pinyin Task Group November 3, 1998，Library of CongressPinyin Conversion Project; New Chinese Romanization Guidelines). Romanization,this western idea to transliterate Chinese language has been recreated by Chinesescholars and forced those creators to learn, this phenomenon is far from linguistics’interest.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 The Introduction of Loanword
As such meaning of loanword (or loan word) is a word borrowed from a donorlanguage and incorporated into a recipient language. By contrast, a caique or loantranslation is a related concept where the meaning or idiom is borrowed rather thanth^ lexical item itself.In fact the word loanword itself is a caique of the German word “Lehnwort”，while the word “caique” is a loanword from French. The terms of borrowing,Ialthough they are traditional, conflict with the ordinary meaning of those wordsbecause nothing will return to the donor languages. However，it is a matter of fact thatthis metaphor is not isolated to the concept of loanwords, but also found in the veryidiom "to borrow an idea." An additional issue which with the term loanword togetheris tl|at it implies that the loaning is limited to one single word as opposed to phrasessuch as the French loanword “dyii vw". While this phrase is used as one lexical itemby English speakers, in other words, an English speaker would not say only "deja vu’’I ? ?by conveying the meaning associated with the full term "deja vu”，in the donorlanguage (French)，speakers would be fully aware of this French phrase consisting oftwo ijwords. For simplicity, adopt/adoption or adapt/adaption are used by manylinguists in loanword studies, either in parallel to, or in pReference to these words.Some, scholars also use another term “lexical borrowing”，which is the same meaningof loanword.
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2.2 The Previous Study of Loanword
German linguists made a distinction in their own languages. He dividedLehnwort (loanword), into Fremdwort (foreign word) and assimiliertes Lehnwort(assimilated loanword), and Lehnpragung (caique), a generic term that includesLehnbildung (loan formation), Lehnbedeutung (loan shift), Lehnwendung (loanexpression), and Lehnsyntax (loan syntax). The distinction he draws relates towhether the lexical value of the borrowed term (Lehnwort) or only its semantic value(Lehnpragung) is borrowed from one language into the other.Finally, complete substitutions subsume words，compounds, and phrases thatwere modeled on the example of the original English word, but were formed entirelyout of German word material. This group also covers cases in which the Englishmeaning was transferred to a German term, and therefore is mostly concerned withchange in meaning of German terms (cf. Engels，1976; Viereck，1980). Examples ofcomplete substitution are Gehirnwasche (after English ‘brainwashing，) orOffentlichkeitsarbeit (after English ‘public relations').The Chinese scholars mainly focus on the adaptation in Mandarin Chinese inPerceptual and Phonological view, with focus on phoneme substitution patterns forconsonants and processes used in resolving foreign syllable structures which neverappeared in common Mandarin before. They investigate and analyze 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。