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the perceptualand phonological factors that regulate the variability of loanword adaptation inMandarin, In addition, some discuss the influences of sociolinguistic factors on thephonological processes observed in the data.
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Chapter 3 Loanwords and Romanization.......... 7
3.1 The Introduction of Romanization.......... 7
3.1.1 Romanization Systems.......... 7
3.1.2 Romanization of Chinese Language by Western Scholars.......... 7
3.1.3 Romanization Methods by Chinese Scholars.......... 8
3.2 Comparison of the Major Romanization Method.......... 8
Chapter 4 Corpus-based frequency study.......... 11
4.1 Tools: Online Corpora ..........11
4.2 Introduction of Frequency study..........12
Chapter 5 Romanization of Places' name ..........14
5.1 Hanyu Pinyin vs Postal Map Romanization.......... 14
5.1.1 The Authentic Data from COCA.......... 21
5.1.2 The Authentic Data from BNC.......... 24
5.1.3 The Authentic Data from TIMES.......... 26
5.2 The Authentic Data of "Beijing" ..........28

hapter 5 Romanization of Places' Name: The Authentic Comparison Data

5.1 Hanyu pinyin vs Postal Map Romanization
The term “Postal map Romanization" here refers to the system of Romanizationof Chinese place names which came into use in a hundred years ago and was officiallypublished by the Imperial Postal Joint-Session Conference. This system ofRomanization was retained after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912 and since it wasin use in the official postal atlas of the Republic of China (ROC), it remained to be themost common way of rendering Chinese place names in the West (by cartographersfor example) for a large part of the twentieth century, Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China, its displacementof the ROC in the United Nations in 1972，and the adoption of Pinyin as theinternational standard in 1982 by the ISO, the system has gradually been replaced bypinyin for Han Chinese location names and Romanization for ethnic minoritylanguage location names, which is now almost universally accepted.The system was based on Wade-Giles for postal purposes，especially for placenames in the official postal atlas, letters and stamps. It uses some already commonEuropean names of Chinese places that already been used in the Wade—Giles system.Take the example of the most famous place name in China, respectively in thedominate Hanyu Pinyin and old fashion Postal map Romanization. The statistics arefrom several free online corpora.Beijing, as well as its other Romanization name Peking, known for the rest of theworld，is one of the most populous and popular cities in the world. Its name, is amongone of the highest frequency loanword in English.
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Conclusion

The previous study has mainly discussed Chinese borrowings in English througha case study，and none of them were shown in data. It is obvious that whether in whatchannel and ways，borrowing, especially the Romanization way of loanwords whichhas become one of the more and more important influences on language, “loanwords"have become an integral part of almost every language and they have contri本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。