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ducation, yet he gotgreat respect from others who called Garland “Professor”.Garland first put forward the concept of “Veritism”, which is also his literary idea. Headvocates that more attention, for authors, should be paid to the bottom of the society andbeing honest narrators through electing the social reality as the writing background, combinedwith their own experience and thinking. Hence, the masterpiece of Main-Travelled Roadsmainly depicts the life of the lower classes and Garland breaks the writing rules in that thepeasantries, being the leading characters, first appear in the formal and serious works (JinXiumei, 2014, pp.11, 12, 14). Therefore, Garland got different comments from the outsideworld. The critics mainly focus on two points: one is Main-Travelled Roads and the other ishis late works.Since the publication of Main-Travelled Roads, it has evoked great responses in theUnited States and advocates speak highly of this novel. Of these advocates, Howells, thewell-known American writer, gives his comments on the book that this work is themasterpiece of local literature. Most importantly, Main-Travelled Roads is the first work thatbreaks people’s original long-term understanding of rural life in western America where lifewas rather tough and hopeless than romantic, idyllic and prosperous. Contrary to the formeropinions, the opponents hold the opposite ones. They argue that Garland’s work thoroughlyexposes the actual life, including the desperately negative part to the world, which may have abad impact on how the world will evaluate the United States.
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2.2 The Publication and Translation of Main-Travelled Roads
Garland got much popularity in America owing to the collection of short stories:Main-Travelled Roads, which was first published in Century Magazine in 1891. With a greatnumber of deep and detailed narrations of early life full of misery, toil and poverty inAmerican Midwest, it did change people’s idea how the actual life was in the Midwest.William Dean Howells, an American novelist and literary critic, even spoke highly of thiswork due to its real description of pains and sufferings of the poor. However, some othercritics hold the totally opposite attitude because they cursed that Garland had showed theweakness of America to the public. In general, he has indeed promoted the development ofAmerican local realistic literature.There is a deal of researches on Garland abroad. Here are some typical studies Forinstance, “Hamlin Garland’s Early Work and Career” written by Donald Pizer (1960), fromwhich we can obtain some information about Garland in his early writing stage. From 1887 to1894, the theme of Garland’s literary works was social reform and economic issues inAmerican Midwest. In 1887, after the arrival of hometown, he witnessed the hardship andpains of people in the Midwest, where the rural life wasn’t like what other writers described atall. Life there was not idyllic and prosperous but poor and tough, and people there werehopeless for their future. In the course of working with his parents, Garland was completelyconscious of the rural declination and great sufferings from peasants, so he planed to unveilthe actual life in American Midwest by novels. That’s the source of “Main-Travelled Roads”.
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3. Theoretical Basis.......... 11
3.1 Definition and Classification of Paralanguage.......11
3.2 Communicative Functions of Paralanguage