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bsp;as  restrict  the  understanding  of  the  utterance cognitively. 
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Chapter Two   Review of Literature  

There  are  six  sections  in  this  chapter.  The  first  two  sections  present  the terminology  and  the  definition  of  DMs.  Then,  after  features  and  functions  of  DMs being  discussed,  the  working  definition  of  this  present  study  will  be  proposed  in  the third part. The following two sections review the classification as well as the previous studies  on  DMs  respectively.  Finally,  related  studies  on  CDMs  both  abroad  and  at home are introduced. 

2.1   Terminology of DMs 
Discourse markers are common linguistic signals that speakers often use in their daily  communication  to  achieve  better  understanding,  but  they  have  been  neglected for  a  long  time  until  Levinson  described  this  language  phenomenon  in  his  book PragmaticA large number of linguists have studied on this phenomenon and most of them agree  that  these  language  signals  have  no  effect  on  propositional  content  of  the sentences  where  they  are  involved.  They  are  not  conceptual  but  encode  procedural meaning. However, it is hard to reach an agreement on the terminology and definition of  DMs  among  the  researchers  because  they  study  DMs  following  their  own perspectives.  Therefore,  different  scholars  stick  different  labels  to  this  linguistic phenomenon, such as: sentence connectives (Halliday and Hasan, 1976)[17], pragmatic expressions  (Erman,  1987)[8],  pragmatic  markers  (Schiffirin,  1987)[22],  discourse operators (Redeker, 1991)[21], etc. These terms reflect different attitudes of the authors to the question of the uniformity of the class of discourse markers. In the present study, “discourse marker” will be used. 
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2.2   Definition of DMs 
Defining whether a linguistic item is a discourse marker or not has been no easy task, because there is no agreement on how they are to be defined among scholars. It must be admitted that it is Levinson who sparks researchers’ interest in DMs. He  views  DMs  as  a  class  worthy  of  study  on  its  own  merits  in  his  1983  book  called Pragmatics, though he does not give it a name. He points out that:   However, he does not pursue discourse markers beyond these brief comments. Schiffrin’s detailed and comprehensive work on DMs firmly establishes the term of  discourse  marker  in  discourse  studies.  She  operationally  defines  DMs  as “sequentially  dependent  elements  which  bracket  units  of &本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。