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he Handbook for Faculty and Academic Administrators of the University ofPennsylvania, revised by July 2017, is a set of policies governing faculty life at Penn,including the university structure, faculty policies, policies and procedures concerningfaculty research, to name a few only. What is noteworthy is that the faculty managementmechanism that the university implemented is a Dual Track system. The first track is aperfect and orderly employee security system (for non-teaching staff) in which theadministrators are responsible for the management of administrative staff. The secondtrack is a unique teacher management system (for teachers only) and the teacherstherein are under the supervision of the academic senate composed of qualifiedprofessors.

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Chapter Two Process Description

2.1 Pre-translation

As the saying goes, “Well begun is half done.” A sound translation cannot be donewithout a meticulous and all-sided preparation. With an attempt to secure an idiomatictarget text, the translator proceeded formidable preparations before embarking on thetranslation, which will be recounted in the following sections.

2.1.1 Preparation: Translation Tools

With the advancement of technology, more and more tools are developed toenhance both translation efficiency and accuracy. According to ISO 17100 (2015)3,translation technology refers to a series of tools used by translators, revisers, andproofreaders, such as word processor, translation management system, translationmemory tools, and the like. In addition to that, online machine translation engines likeGoogle Translation, Baidu Translation, Bing Translation are springing up andcontinually updating. Indeed, technology has enriched the ways of translation to a greatextent (Li & Xiao, 2018:2).

It is undeniable that the auxiliary tools such as dictionaries, searching engines andCAT (Computer Aided Translation) software are indispensable for the availability ofan ideal target text. In this task, the following tools were made good use of to find thecorresponding Chinese counterparts of the source text and to access the knowledge ofschool administration.

(1) Both paper and online dictionaries were alternatively utilized in this process.Paper dictionaries selected among the vast resources include Longman dictionary ofAmerican English, Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (Seventhedition), and the like. Online dictionaries involve Youdao dictionary, Bing dictionary,lingoes dictionary, and so on.

(2) Conventional searching engines such as Bing (https://cn.bing.com/), Google(https://www.google.com.hk/) are convenient tools that we can resort to whenunfamiliar vocabulary appeared or background information needed. Besides, bothterminology databases and corpora are conducive to dealing with particular expressionsduring translation. After a well-rounded collection, it is found that the sites likewww.linguee.com, https://terms.naer.edu.tw/, https://pe.iol8.com/, https://www.english-corpora.org/, etc. are effective in providing relevant parallel texts and educationalterminology.

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2.2 While-translation

The core of translation lies in the while-translation, a stage that determines thesuccess of the task. This part i本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。