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Critical thinking can be traced back to Socrates'questioning teachings.From theearly to mid-20th century,academia did not reach a unified definition but mainlyunderstood critical thinking from the perspective of cognition and skills.Dewey(1910),the representative figure of critical thinking research,first put forwardthe concept of thinking and defined the process of critical thinking as reflectivethinking.He pointed out in How We Think that reflective thinking is thinking aboutpossible inferences based on knowledge.Later,Ennis(1987)regards critical thinkingas a skill mainly based on formal logic reasoning,and believes that this skill isindependent and transferable.

A stage of development took place between the 1980s and the 1990s,at whichtime the process and way of critical thinking began to be focused on.According to theAmerican Philosophical Association(APA)Facione(1990),based on the Delphi study,critical thinking,a purposeful,self-calibrating criterion,consists of analyzing,synthesizing,and evaluating the information that bears on beliefs and behaviors..Thisdefinition was later generally accepted as the authority of the definition.Paul(1993)pointed out that critical thinking is a high-level way of thinking in which individualsseek solutions through active analysis,application,analysis,synthesis,and evaluationwhen facing difficulties.According to Liu(1996),the purpose of critical thinking is'to formulate judgments about the nature,value,accuracy,and authenticity of whatwe see',which implies a dialectical approach to problems.

2.2 Problem-based Learning

2.2.1 Definition of PBL

In this paper,PBL is the abbreviation of Problem-based learning(PBL),which istranslated into problem-based learning and problem oriented learning in China.PBLoriginated in the middle of 1960s.It was a reform to replace the traditional teachingmodel carried out by the American professor of neurology Barrows in the Medicalschool of McMaster University in Canada to improve the quality of teaching(Barrows1980).Since then,PBL has been widely used in engineering,architecture,business,education and social work.So far,there is still no widely accepted definition of thePBL teaching strategy.

In foreign countries,the research on the concept of PBL teaching method has its own merits.Barrows(1980)believed that PBL is a comprehensive education method.PBL is both a course and a method,consisting of carefully selected and designedquestions in which learners organize their learning through a combination of criticalthinking skills,problem-solving skills,self-directed learning strategies,and the abilityto work in groups.This method is similar to a systematic way of solving a problem ormeeting a challenge in life or work.Antonietti(2001)believed that PBL,with learnersas subjects,is a teaching method that takes problem situations as the key to learningand attaches importance to the setting of problems.Nelson(2008)proposed a morecomprehensive definition:PBL is a teaching strategy that require students to solve acomplex and chaotic problem that may be encountered in the real society in the formof group cooperation.The process of problem solving allows students to activelyparticipate in analyzing problems,reviewing what they have learned,identifyingrelevant facts,and 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。