澳洲作业:国际贸易壁垒问题研究 [13]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2014-08-27编辑:yangcheng点击率:26241
论文字数:7249论文编号:org201408252315232024语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:原因贸易壁垒贸易谈判非关税壁垒关税壁垒trade barriers
摘要:在过去的三十年,国际商业的运作环境开始受制于全球化力量和日益增加的全球一体化。甚至可以说,全球化已经成为今天经济学的专有名词。因此,为了全球一体化,我们越来越需要减少国与国之间的贸易壁垒。为了支持这一观点,世界贸易组织多哈发展议程(也称为多哈会谈)指出,“非农业市场准入(NAMA)谈判小组的任务是减少或者适当的消除关税,其中包括减少或消除关税高峰及高关税,关税升级,以及非关税壁垒,特别是对发展中国家出口产品的利息。” 因此,非关税措施的经济重要性(NTMs)成为全世界许多国家的主要问题。
patibility criterion.
5.1 What can induce reductions in subsidies and trade barriers?
Changes are induced by such things as better information dissemination, technological changes, reforms abroad, and new opportunities to join international trade agreements.
5.1.1 Better information dissemination
One way that political markets for policy intervention change is better dissemination (for example, by national or international bureaucrats, think tanks, local export industries, foreign import suppliers) of more-convincing information on the benefits to consumers, exporters and the overall economy from reducing subsidies and trade distortions, to balance the views of single-issue non-government organisations (NGOs), labour unions and the like who tend to focus only on the (often over-stated) costs of reform to their constituents. During the past two decades that spreading of more balanced benefit/cost information has contributed to unilateral economic reforms and a consequent opening to trade in numerous developing countries as well as richer countries such as Australia and New Zealand. More recently several major NGOs, together with the OECD Secretariat, have begun to focus on providing better information about the wastefulness of environmentally harmful subsidies that has already started to have an impact (e.g. in reducing coal mining subsidies in Europe).
5.1.2 Technological change
Another way the political equilibrium is altered is technological innovation. The information and telecommunications revolution of the past two decades, for example, has dramatically lowered the costs of doing business across national borders, just as happened with the arrival of steamships and the telegraph during the latter part of the nineteenth century. That increased trading opportunity has made (actual or potential) exporters more eager to get together to counter the anti-trade lobbying of import-protected groups and NGOs.
5.1.3 Unilateral opening of markets abroad
A country’s political equilibrium could be upset also by trade opening by one or more other countries, in so far as those reforms alter international prices and volumes of trade and foreign investment and provide greater market access opportunities for exporters. Such opening abroad also adds to the evidence of the net gains and (particularly in the case of phased reforms) the relatively low adjustment costs associated with trade reform, making it easier for exporters to counter the alarmist lobbying of protectionists.
A coincidence of this and the previous two types of shocks has given rise to the latest wave of globalization. This is raising not only the rewards to economies practising good economic governance but also the cost of retaining poor economic governance. Just as financial capital can now flow into a well-managed economy more easily and quickly than ever before, so it can equally quickly be withdrawn if confidence in that economy’s governance is shaken – as the East Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s demonstrated all too clearly. A crucial element of good economic governance is a commitment to a permanently open international trade and payments regime (along with sound domestic policies such as secure property rights and prudent monetary and fiscal policies).
5.1.4 Opportunities to join international trade agreements
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