澳洲作业:国际贸易壁垒问题研究 [9]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2014-08-27编辑:yangcheng点击率:26192
论文字数:7249论文编号:org201408252315232024语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:原因贸易壁垒贸易谈判非关税壁垒关税壁垒trade barriers
摘要:在过去的三十年,国际商业的运作环境开始受制于全球化力量和日益增加的全球一体化。甚至可以说,全球化已经成为今天经济学的专有名词。因此,为了全球一体化,我们越来越需要减少国与国之间的贸易壁垒。为了支持这一观点,世界贸易组织多哈发展议程(也称为多哈会谈)指出,“非农业市场准入(NAMA)谈判小组的任务是减少或者适当的消除关税,其中包括减少或消除关税高峰及高关税,关税升级,以及非关税壁垒,特别是对发展中国家出口产品的利息。” 因此,非关税措施的经济重要性(NTMs)成为全世界许多国家的主要问题。
plicit reduction of the cross-price elasticity of imports vis-à-vis domestically produced goods. In turn, this means that price competition from imports is lower than it otherwise would be. NTMs that reduce the elasticity of imports thus not only convey protection to domestic producers from imports, they create increased monopolistic pricing power domestically, with implications for domestic policy. For example, in response to trade liberalization, governments appear to have been willing to see greater domestic industrial consolidation in the belief this would promote export competitiveness, implicitly counting on competition in the domestic market being provided by trade. But if proliferating NTMs reduce the competition flowing from trade, we get the worst of all worlds which are limited domestic competition and ineffective trade competition. This is perhaps one of the factors prompting civil society response to globalization which targets growing corporate power.
The third issue is that the gains from trade liberalization derive from the responsiveness of imports to changes in relative prices through tariff reductions, a dampened price response will lead to disappointing results from trade liberalization compared to expectations which are calibrated according to assumed stronger responses.
4.2 Consequence of UNCTAD and WTO decisions on NTMs
It is inevitable that there is a certain arbitrariness in such a classification. For example, most measures, including technical barriers, have price and quantity effects. A glossary of individual non-tariff measures, derived from Laird and Yeats (1990), and based on the above five broad categories of NTMs. OECD (1994), dealing only with agriculture, lists some 150 measures or bodies administering country-specific schemes. In the UNCTAD classification these would fall within the more limited, but more general, list of individual measures, since many are simply national descriptions for a widely used basic measure.
Typically, the objectives or motives for using NTMs range from the long-term desire to promote certain social and economic objectives, including broad economic, industrial or regional development, to shorter term purposes such as balance of payments (BOP) support or action to protect a specific sector from import surges or from dumped or subsidized imports. Price or volume control measures or subsidies have been used
In any type of liberalization simulation, it may be important to look realistically at the likelihood of such measures being removed. It is unlikely that Governments will remove permanent controls on technical barriers to trade or on trade in arms, drugs, pornography and so forth, although technical barriers may become more harmonized. However, support for industrial development can be achieved in more open economies supported by improved macroeconomic management and realistic exchange rates. Furthermore, Governments seem attached to support for specific sectors (sometimes in key political constituencies) by means of hidden subsidies through government procurement and technology development (e.g. aircraft), but so far international disciplines on the use of such measures remain relatively weak. As a consequence, even after the Uruguay Round, there are still important peaks in sectoral protection in most countries, sometimes in the same sector, for example textiles and clothing.
It is imp
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