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虽然意思表达一致,但介词短语作为插入语的用法更能体现作者的主观性,并且使话语更有层次,也更有说服力。

2.人际意义可通过动词词组复合体中的第一个动词词组来表现

Halliday认为,经常性和意愿这两种情态类型没有隐喻性的明确主观形式,并指出这是系统性方面的空缺(systematic gap),因为在这两种情态类型上,说话者无法表达明确的主观情态意义。但事实上,这两种类型也同样存在明确的主观情态形式,其情态意义可通过动词词组复合体中的第一个动词词组来表示,例如:

I would like to see a time when man loves his fellowman and forgets his color or his creed.(The life of theNegro race has been a life of tragedy,Clarence Darrow)(意愿)

Iwant to put it up to you,each one of you,individu-ally. (The life of the Negro race has been a life oftragedy,Clarence Darrow)(意愿)

(三)通过句法体现人际意义

1.人际意义可由名物化表现

我们也可以通过名词将情态意义名物化,以体现明确客观的情态取向。常用来体现情态意义的名词包括:possibility,probability,likelihood,unusualness,regularity, typicality, intention, desire, determination,need,obligation,regulation,compulsion,等等。这些名词将情态意义构成一个使人难以质疑的“事物”,结果就掩盖了情态的来源,使之具有明确客观取向,例如:

隐喻式:Do you want not only no probability thatwarwill not recur,but the probability that it will recur?(Man will see the truth,WoodrowWilson)

一致式:Do youwant not only probably thatwarwillnot recur,but probably that itwill recur?

两个probability突出了战争随时有可能爆发这一事实,反问句及双重否定的结构逼得听者喘不过气来,更加坚定了听者主张和平的决心。一致式与其隐喻式意义一致,但采用隐喻式这样的结构消除了发话人明显的“介入性”,使其独立于发话人之外,使受话人感到发话人是依赖客观事实的可能性而来说出这个句子的。

2.人际意义也可由情态形容词性谓语(或谓语的扩展形式)体现

使用情态形容词性谓语或谓语的扩展形式可以表达说话人对命题的客观情态意义,发话人似乎表现出与其对受话人所施加的压力毫无关系,使人感到压力来自于外部,而不是发话人,从而表现出客观性。如must,should,will,may等情态动词可以隐喻化为be required (supposed,allowed,etc.) to或be de-termined (willing etc.) to(do),be keen on (doing),例如:

隐喻式: We’re here in a general sense becausefirst and foremost,we are American citizens,and we aredetermined to acquire our citizenship to the fullness of itsmeaning.(There comes a time when people get tired,Martin Luther King)

一致式:We’re here in a general sense because firstand foremost,we are American citizens,and we must ac-quire our citizenship本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。