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research to nasal and lateral began from 80s of last century, which ismainly about the manners of articulation and the founding of nasal and lateral theories,and the domestic research on nasal is more than that on lateral. The nasal research inmandarin Chinese is mainly for language teaching and foreign language acquisition.Chinese and English have different phonetic systems, so what they show more aretheir differences even though some similarities can be found in vowels, consonants andsyllables. James pointed out that contrastive analysis is mainly used to predict study,diagnose difficulty and delimit level. By comparing the phonetic systems of Chinesedialect and English, we can have a further knowing that they are different, and that canprovide facts to analyze the transfer[17]. Lado, an American linguist, suggested thatlearners tended to use what they have acquired to transfer forms, meanings and cultureof their native language to foreign language acquisition[18]. According to Ausubel,transfer is a kind of cognitive act and a psychological process where people use whatthey have mastered in new study contexts. Language transfer refers to a phenomenonthat when learners communicate in target language, they often try to use the phoneme,meaning, structure and culture of their native language to express themselves[19]. Odlindefined language transfer as the influence of similarity and difference between learners’source language and target language on second language acquisition. Phonetic transferis a common phononemon in language transfer[19].
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2.2 Language Transfer Theory
Language Transfer Theory was put forward by Skinner and Lado, who believe thatit is important to compare native language and target language when learning a foreignlanguage and find out the similarities and differences between them, because similaritiescan make a positive transfer from native language to foreign language, and thedifferences make a negative transfer.In psychology, transfer refers to the psychological process where the knownknowledge plays a part in a new learning environment. While in the foreign languagestudy and research field, transfer has a different meaning which refers to the nativelanguage influence exerted on the foreign language. Language acquisition theorysuggests transfer mainly means the automatic participation of their first languagecharacteristics when learners are building their second language systems. Transfer canbe seen as the main factor which influences the language acquisition. In 1994, Ellis, inSecond Language Acquisition Research, reduced transfer to four parts: positive transfer,negative transfer, avoidance and overuse. Language transfer includes inter-languagetransfer and intra-language transfer.
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Chapter Three Comparative Analysis.....16
3.1 Comparative Analysis of Nasal and Lateral.....16
3.2 Functional Load......
.3 Comparison between Chinese and English Phonetic Combinations....19
Chapter Four Research Design....23
4.1 Research Questions.....23
4.2 Subject Information.....23
4.3 Materials Design....25
4.3.1 Design Principles........25
4.3.2 Research Materials ....26
4.4 Experiment Process.....27
4.4.1 Preparation......28
4.4.2 Perception and Production Experiments.........28
4.5 Scoring.......28
Chapter Five Results and Discussions....30
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