APA Referencing
2007
Note: this page is only an introduction to the APA (American Psychological Association) referencing system.
For a comprehensive guide please refer to:
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington DC: APA.
What is Referencing?
Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have
used in your
assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures,
as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works, must be
Referenced.
There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the APA
referencing style for in-text citations and for creating the Reference List (examples are below). Within the
text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. Include page
numbers for direct quotations and also where it is useful to provide a page number. A reference list at the
end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.
Why Reference?
Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and
read more fully the cited author’s arguments.
Steps Involved in Referencing
1. Note down the full bibliographic details of the source from which the information is taken. Include the
relevant page number(s).
In the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title,
edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the
title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).
In the case of a journal article the details required include: author of the article, year of publication,
title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.
For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed
the information, and the database name or web address (URL).
2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).
3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).
In-Text Citations
Use the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of
an assignment. Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s
It is very important that you check the assignment guide for your Department or School as some details,
e.g. punctuation, may vary from the
guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming
to your school's requirements.
2
initials in the in-text citation i.e. (Hamilton, C. L., 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are
cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon
e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author. When directly quoting from
another source, the relevant page number must be given and double quotation marks placed around the quote.
When paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text, include the
relevant page number, as it is useful to provide a page number for the reader.
How to
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