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petitive and strategic advantage requires the creation of dynamic core competencies. It also requires a focus on developing human capital by implementing new ICE that institutes a learning and innovative team-based culture (Palmer & Dunford, 1977).

The resultant flexibility of task, function and informal, decentralized and participative project groups has spawned the creation of many new organizational change labels. The new-form organization is offered, among other things, as a boundary less (Ashkenas et al., 1995), cellular (Miles, Snow, Mathews, Miles, & Coleman, 1997), constellation (Baharami, 1992), horizontal (Ostroff, 1999), post-post-bureaucratic (Nohira & Berkeley), spider's web, and virtual (Quinn, Anderson, & Finkelstein, 1996) corporation. Schwarz (2002) is proposing five dominant elements of change are evident in these new-form listings of organizations:” (i) organizational structure will be forced to become more flexible, (ii) Organizations will have to forge strategic network partnerships, (iii) decentralization will become the norm, (iv) information dissemination will encompass this change in authority relations, (v) job specialization and standardization will be negated as people's role change. Briefly speaking, such opinion just mentioned is requiring that altered circumstances in the technological and economic environments are demanded basic structural modification.

But it should be remembered that the term “information society” is on the level of abstraction, and all the countries that has been evaluated as having arrived in the “information society” are not homogeneous. Even in the terms of the advanced capitalist countries, the paths toward information society can be diversified. According to Yuko Aoyama and Manuel Castells (1994), the paths can be categorized into two models, one “the Anglo-Saxon Model”, and the other the “Japan/German Model”. “The Anglo-Saxon Model”, to which belong America and England, has another name, so-called the “Service Economy Model”, while the “Japan/German Model”, to which belong Germany, France, Japan, etc., can be named what they call the “Info-Industrial Model”.

Those countries categorized as the “Info-Industrial model” are thought to have somewhat rigid employment system, as is revealed in Figure 2.1. According to one OECD survey (1999), Japan and most European countries except England, even though they have made every effort to introduce new technologies, can be characterized as having the strong labor protection measure. On the other hand, the United States and United Kingdom (England), categorized as the “Service Model”, show the tendency to have flexible employment systems with their unstrictness of protection for employment. Instead, they have indulged in the creation of new computer-related jobs.

By the way, the world economy in the 1990s has shown that the “Service Economy Model” is more powerful than the “Info-Industrial Model” since the former shows a lower long-term unemployment level than the latter. Especially the United States of America, which is favoring the service economy model, managed to benefited from technological innovations and mass consumption while having more flexible employment systems and in the creation of new computer-related jobs. So, also some of the countries formerly categorized as the “Info-Industrial Models” are inclined to move towards the direction of the “Service Econom