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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-11-22编辑:Cinderella点击率:4930
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关键词:new Buddhist movementsreligionIndia新佛教运动
摘要:近年来印度佛教界掀起禅修热潮。许多以英文和印度各种文字印行的佛教书刊、小册子,在全国各地均可购得,佛教出版业亦逐渐兴隆。 发源于当代印度的新佛教运动,提出了相对以往佛教常规和传统认知的新观点,是佛教文化发展的又一里程碑。
New Buddhist movements containing an element of political activism is also a defining feature as well as an appeal for many followers. Santi Asok “manifested as a sectarian protest movement” that grew in public knowledge and influence in Thailand by “repeatedly criticising the national Sangha” (Cantwell & Kawanami,2002,p.54). This reformist identity defined the fundamental aspects of the movement. The core elements of “hard work and stoical discipline, frugal communal living and agricultural self-sufficiency” were favoured over the existing traditional ritualistic practices (Cantwell and Kawanami,2002,p.54). This shift away from the Buddhism widely practiced in Thailand was seen as a “radical moral critique of contemporary Thai society and the Sangha by living an alternative lifestyle” (Cantwell & Kawanami,2002,p.54). This shows another favourable aspect of the Santi Asok movement as people who have become disillusioned with the political society or religious culture can find alternative groups within Thai society to be affiliated with; this level of increasing choice and freedom coming about with the growth of new expressions and forms of traditional ideas.
It could be argued that the causes of such changes in thinking and the practice of the traditional Buddhism of Thailand came about, for a main part, in response to the “diminished” public opinion of the Sangha in Thailand due to the “close relationship between the government, military, big business and the Sangha” (Cantwell & Kawanami,2002,p.54). To fully appreciate the features and appeals of new Buddhist movements they must be viewed in relation to the context of Thailand; its history, culture and religious practice. Buddhadasa was one of the “most important religious reformers in the twentieth century” and “integrated modernist rationalism and a distinctive forest tradition” (Cantwell & Kawanami,2002,p.54). The Forest tradition was an important feature of Santi Asok and a great interest of Phra Phothirak. His emphasis on the “ascetic practices of the forest monks” and the “influence of the dhutanga practices” led to specific features of his movement such as wearing the robes “associated with forest monks” not “most Thai monks”(Jackson,1989,p.160). Other strictly adhered to disciplines that were characterisations of Santi Asok, were being a vegetarian, for example, a subject on which Phra Photirak criticised non-conforming monks as not being “pure Buddhists (Jackson,1989,p.160). The notion of a firmly ascetic movement gained popularity in some groups and represented a new way of religion, even though it was characteristically a traditional form. It was due to the decreasing public attitudes towards the main authorities within society, “urban middle class lay activists and students” in the 1970’s formed these new Buddhist movements primarily to “forces the Sangha to overcome corruption and assert religious leadership” (Cantwell & Kawanamai,2002,p.54)
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