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area between April and December 1992, an excess of radioactive caesium was detected in 56 cases.
     The prevalence of gingivitis and/or periodontitis, which was almost 100 % in teenagers and the adult population, coincided with the lack of regular oral hygiene practices. The most frequent complaint was gum bleeding and dryness of the mouth. The latter condition was observed in 12% of 18 - year-olds, 29% in the 35 - 44 age group, and 86% in 65 - year- olds, compared with 3%, 20%, and 33% respectively in similar age groups surveyed in non - contaminated regions of the country. About 17 % of the surveyed population had some abnormality or oral mucosa lesions compared with 10 % in non - contaminated areas.
     Oral health services for the population in contaminated area were inadequate or poor, due to the shortage of dentists, dental equipment and materials, and 500A or more of decayed teeth were unfilled. On average, five teeth were extracted from every ten teenagers aged 15 years. In adults, few teeth were filled and most were extracted, although average DMF teeth were the same as in non - contaminated zones.
     In sum, we found a high prevalence of the common oral health diseases, poor oral hygiene and poor care among the two million people living in contaminated areas of Belarus. To date, only a small proportion of the population has moved to non - contaminated areas.
     Thyroud cancer gives concern
     Observations on the increase of some oral diseases in contaminated zones due to radiation are questionable, since no precise records were available in the area before the Chernobyl disaster. No possible side-effects of prolonged low doses of radiation on oral structures have been reported.     Nevertheless, the incidence of thyroud cancer among children remains a major concern today for the health authorities in Belarus.
     Hard dental tissue, particularly tooth enamel, is accumulating radioactivity and - with time - it could have a potential pathogenic effect on oral biology. There are also signs of the development of gastroduodenal pathology and an increase of thyroid dis5ases, certain haematological diseases and disturbances of the immune system. AII these conditions could seriously affect the oral health situation due to local pathogenic factors, the shortage of services and lack of primary prevention.
     Careful tooth - brushing is effective in reducing the prevalence of periodontal disease, but oral hygiene is poor and has certainly contributed to the periodontal conditions observed. Lack of oral hygiene aids and the extremely low motivation of the population are the main obstacles to the introduction of a proper, regular, effective oral hygiene programme. In conjunction with oral hygiene education and instruction, it would be necessary to use local anti-inflammatory substances both through self - care and with professional help.
     As yet we have insufficient evidence to predict specific levels of dental/oral disease in the areas studied. However, the following oral health problems can be expected: severe periodontal diseases due to poor oral hygiene, loss of teeth due to lack of oral health services, enamel hypoplasia due to dietary imbalance, and oral mucosal lesions as symptoms of poor general health.

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