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高考是一个关键的路上所有的高中生进入大学,这是一个大型国家的评价体系,改变他们的命运。然而,语言测试的反拨作用效应是影响教学和学习的测试。本文将探讨高考的作用在教学和学习。本章包括三个部分:研究的背景、意义和目的。
NMET is a key road for all the senior high school students to enter theiruniversities, and it is a large-scale national evaluation system of changing their destiny.However, washback effect of language testing is the influence of tests on teaching andlearning. This paper will explore the washback effect of NMET on teaching andlearning. This chapter consists of three sections: research background, significanceand objectives.

1.1 Research background
全国大学入学英语考试(高考)是一个重要的国家大学入学考试,这有一个很大的影响,一直是整个社会引起人们极大关注。在某种程度上,高考的结果可能决定未来前途和命运的候选人。将大规模、高风险测试像高考有正面或负面影响教学和学习吗?语言学家阿瑟·休斯(2000:1)表示,“回流可以有害还是有利的。如果一个测试被认为是重要的,它可以来准备主导所有的教学和学习活动。“我们应该以事实为基础,实证研究分析高考的影响在高中英语阅读教学和学习。研究语言测试的反拨作用效应是一个全新的领域。因为复杂的语言测试和语言教学和学习,到目前为止,的文章进行深入的实证研究关于洗backeffect国内外语言测试已经被稀疏的。统计数据表明,论文和作品作用只占12.8%,在文学语言测试中心对已提出的主要外国语言在国内外核心期刊在过去十年(1996 - 2005),然而,研究影响高考的反拨作用是更少(江泽民仙居,2007)。
The National Matriculation English Test (NMET) is an important nationaluniversity entrance examination, which has a big influence and has been a greatconcern for the whole society. To a certain extent, the result of NMET may decide thefuture prospect and destiny of candidates. Will large-scale and high-stake tests likeNMET have positive or negative influence on teaching and learning? Linguist ArthurHughes (2000: 1) said that “Backwash can be harmful or beneficial. If a test isregarded as important, the preparation for it can come to dominate all teaching andlearning activities.” We should take the fact as the bases, with the empirical study toanalyze the influence of NMET on senior high school English reading teaching andlearning. The research on washback effect of language testing is an entirely newdomain. Because of the complexity of language testing and language teaching andlearning, so far, the articles which make deep empirical researches about washbackeffect of language testing at home and abroad have been being scanty. As is shown bystatistics, papers and works on washback effect only account for 12.8 percent in thetotal in literature about language testing which have been presented in main foreignlanguage key journals at home and abroad in the past decade (1996-2005), however,research on washback effects of NMET is even less (Jiang Xianju, 2007).

1.2 Research significance
NMET, High-stake test, has been paid close attention to by the whole society, soits washback effect is worth making deep empirical research. At present, somescholars at home have devoted to studying washback effect of high-stake, big-scale and significant exams. Such as, Qi Luxia, Huang Dayong, Jin Yan, Gu Xiangdongand so on have had many works and papers in this area. Especially, Qi Luxia mainlydevotes to studying washback effect of NMET English test. But senior high schoolEnglish teachers who are direct participants of NMET test have little research aboutwashback effect. Under this background, the paper carries on the empirical researchwhich refers to NMET, especially reading test about the washback effect of seniorhigh school English teaching and learning, in order to promote the positive washbackeffect of NMET and avoid its negative washback effect in the future teaching andlearning.

Chapter 2 Literature Review

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