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Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1. A Brief Historical Review of Evidential Studies
The concept of evidentials as a category seems to have existed in Americanistcircles for several generations; it is but scantily attested in print, however, and thelabel EVIDENTIAL itself is relatively recent. (Jacobsen,1986:3).Perhaps the first scholar who explicitly formulates the notion of obligatoryinformation source is Frans Boas (Aikhenvald, 2004:12). By the example The man issick in Kwakiutl, Boas (1911a:43) argues that when the speaker does not see the manin person, he has to express how he knows that the man is sick by adding modalitiesof the verb. He goes on to say, in his sketch of Kwakiutl (1911b:443), that the suffixeswhich express subjective relations can indicate the source of subjective knowledge,such as by hearsay, or by a dream. And four evidential suffixes in Kwakiutl are thenlisted under the heading “suffixes denoting the source of information.”(p496). In hisarticle Language (1938), he mentions information source as an obligatory category insome languages. And in his essay Language and Culture (1942), Boas mentions thatthe Kwakiutl-type obligatory category may have possible usefulness for thenewspaper reporters.Boas has shown us the concept of evidential in his works, but the termEVIDENTIAL occurs in his posthumously published Kwakiutl Grammar (1947), andit is only applied to one suffix to express a category named inferential today.
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2.2 Definitions of Evidentiality
Hadumod Bussmann is one of the linguists who assent the narrow view ofevidentiality. He (1996:157) defines evidentiality as “the structural dimension ofgrammar that codifies the source of information transmitted by a speaker with the aid of various types of constructions.”Aikenvald (2004:3) says that “evidentiality is a linguistic category whoseprimary meaning is source of information”. All evidentiality does is to supply theinformation source. The ways in which information is acquired---by seeing, hearing,or in any other way---is its core meaning. (Aikenvald, 2004:4)In order to illustrate what the information sources are, we shall take as anexample Tariana, an Arawak language spoken in the multilingual area of Vaupés innorthwest Amazonia, In the above examples, the five suffixes ka, mahka, nihka, sika, pidaka are a setof evidential markers which can provide different sources for the information (Joséhas played football) and we usually treat these kinds of suffixes as grammaticalizedevidential markers.Every language has some way to indicate the information source, but not everylanguage has grammatical evidentiality. Saying that English has evidentiality ismisleading: this implies a confusion between what is grammaticalized and what islexical in a language. (Aikenvald, 2004:10)
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Chapter Three Research Design.....19
3.1 Research Questions.....19
3.2 Data Collection .....19
3.3 Research Methods.......20
Chapter Four Evidential Analysis in English Editorials ....21
4.1 The Features of Evidentiality in English Editorials ....21
4.2 Discourse Features of English Editorials Reflected......32
4.2.1 Subjectivity of English Editorials .........32
4.2.2 Implicity of English Editorials........33
4.2.3 Credibility of English Editorials .....34
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