外国资本流入对巴基斯坦经济增长的影响 英语论文 [5]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:本科毕业论文 Thesis登出时间:2014-09-28编辑:yangcheng点击率:12156
论文字数:5729论文编号:org201409272332542998语种:英语 English地区:爱尔兰价格:免费论文
关键词:外国资本流入FCI多元线性回归巴基斯坦经济英语论文
摘要:本文是一篇分析外国资本流入对巴基斯坦经济增长的影响的留学生论文,外国资本流入(FCI)是经济增长的重要催化剂,特别是对资本稀缺的发展中国家,如巴基斯坦。它对于经济增长的影响有各式各样的渠道,比如通过增加人力资本的形成,通过促进东道国的技术转移,通过知识扩散,通过刺激国内投资,等等。
tion and by introducing alternative management practices and better organization- de Mello (1999) looks at FDI impact on total factor productivity, which is one way of assessing the importance of the knowledge transfers. The way in which FDI affects growth is likely to depend on the economic and technological conditions in the host country. In particular, it appears that developing countries have to reach a certain level of development, in education and/or infrastructure, before they are able to capture potential benefits associated with FDI. FDI seems to have more limited growth impact in technologically less advanced countries.
FDI inflows led to higher per capita GDP, increase economic growth rate and higher productivity growth (De Mello 1997, Kumar and Siddharthan 1997, & Saggi 2000). Blomstr?m et.al, (1994), FDI inflows had a significant positive effect on the average growth rate of per capita income. Blomstr?m et al. (1994) argue that FDI has a positive growth-effect when a country is sufficiently rich in terms of per capita income. De Gregorio (1992), suggest a positive and significant impact of FDI on economic growth.
Borensztein, et.al, (1995), included 69 developing countries in his sample. The study found that the effect of FDI on host country growth is dependent on stock of human capital. They infer from it that flow of advanced technology brought along by FDI can increase the growth rate only by interacting with country’s absorptive capability. Markusen and Venables (1999) analyzed the effect of foreign firms on the development of domestic firms in the industrial sector.
Many economists like Borensztein, De Gregorio, and Lee (1998) and Carkovic and Levine (2002) and Alfaro et al. (2003) concluded that FDI has an exogenous little positive effect on economic growth. Hanson (2001) argues that FDI generates positive spillovers for host countries is weak. There is also a belief that FDI inflow posits negative impact on economic growth in developing countries by replacing savings (Chung, 1995). Gorg and Greenwood (2002) conclude that the effects are mostly negative. Lipsey (2002) takes a more favorable view and argues that there is evidence of positive effects. However Lipsey concluded, that there is no consistent relation between the size of inward FDI stocks or flows relative to GDP and growth. Carkovic and Levine (2002) conclude that FDI has no impact on long run growth. Shabbir and Mahmood (1992) found the negative impact of foreign capital on the national savings in Pakistan. Khan, Hasan and Malik (1992) estimated that the FCI caused to decline national savings in Pakistan during the period of 1959-60 to 1987-88. Empirical studies have found a significant negative relationship between FDI and the cost of capital in both developed and developing countries (Root & Ahmed, 1979; Auerbach, 1990; Lucas, 1993; Rubio & Rivero, 1994; Wang & Swain, 1997; Khan, 1997; and Love & Hidalgo, 2000) and (Nishat & Anjum, 1998). Leff (1969) and Griffin (1970) have analyzed the negative impacts of FCI on growth. They argued that the foreign aid could adversely affect the economic growth by substituting the domestic savings. So, the literature on effectiveness of foreign aid shows both, positive as well as the negative effects, of foreign aid on the economic development. Singh, (1988) found FDI penetration variable to have a little or no consequences for economic or industrial g
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