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本文是一篇英语论文范文，本文通过分析情感、艺术和向善的本性这三种特质，挖掘出石黑一雄后人类书写的本性观，即人类在后人类时期将人类的独特属性逐渐丧失，而克隆人和智能人却拥有并且很重视这些人之为人的独特属性。

Chapter One THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1.1Emotion as the Distinctive Nature of Human Beings

Some scholars have studied emotion as the distinctive nature of human beings,such as RenéDescartes,Baruch de Spinoza and Francis Fukuyama.As the dictionarydefines,passion is a strong feeling or emotion.Passion shares the similar meaning withemotion.Consequently,the theory of emotion will refer to RenéDescartes’s passiontheory.Baruch de Spinoza’s theory of emotion is a supplement of the emotiontheoretical framework.Francis Fukuyama’s view about emotion manifest emotion is thedistinctive nature of human beings.

1.1.1 RenéDescartes’s Passion Theory

When RenéDescartes discussed passion in his book,he set the first part as“ThePassions in General and Incidentally the Whole Nature of Man”(Descartes 1).Descartes assumed that“anything that is a passion with regard to one subject is anaction with regard to something else”(Descartes 1).When Descartes discussed passions,he also explored natures of human.Descartes believed that passion was connected withaction.

Passions in the soul are usually actions in the body.To come to knowabout our passions,therefore,there’s no better approach than toexamine the difference between the soul and the body,so as to learnwhich of the two is responsible for each of the things we do(Descartes 1)

1.2Art’s Importance to Human Beings

Art has 4 definitions in the dictionary.Art can be the products of human creativity.Art can be the creation of beautiful or significant things.Art can be a superior skill thatyou can learn by study and practice and observation.Art can be photographs or othervisual representations in a printed publication.Art is significant for human beings.Both of Susanne Langer and Yi Zhongtian have explored art’s importance to humanbeings.Susanne Langer claimed that art was as the form of emotion.Yi Zhongtianargued that art was the proof of human beings.

1.2.1 Art as the Form of Emotion

Susanne Langer gave the definition to the art that“Art is the creation of formssymbolic of human feeling”(Feeling and Form 40).In other words,art is theexpression of human beings’feeling.“A work of art is often a spontaneous expressionof feeling,i.e.,a symptom of the artist’s state of mind”(Feeling and Form 25).AsSusanne Langer explained,artists have dedicated their feelings to their works.So thatwork of art is a symbol and expression of feelings.Thus,art is the expression of humanbeings’feelings.Susanne Langer held the view that“the making of this expressive formis the creative process that enlists a man’s utmost technical skill in the service of hisutmost conceptual power,imagination”(Feeling and Form 40).Creative process is anessential part for dedication of feeling to art works.In the view of Susanne Langer,thecreative process was the expression of an idea that was inward or subjective.“means tomake an outward image of this inward process,for oneself and others to see;that is,togive the subjective events an objective symbol”(The Problem of Art 9).Susanne Langerclaimed that art of work was the objectification of subjective life.

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