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intention from function: intention is defined by the sender, whilefunction refers to the textual function, which is determined by the expectations, needs,known knowledge, and environmental conditions of the recipient (Nord, 2006).

In the framework of Vermeer's proposals, the audience is attached with moreimportance. Each kind of text targets at a certain group of audience, so translation is“discourseproducedfor acertainpurpose andtargetaudience inthe contextofthe targetlanguage” (Vermeer, 2000:27). Vermeer believes that the original text is only a sourceof part or all of information for the target audience.

Compared with Nida's Functional Equivalence theory and the translation theorylimited to language in the early stage, the Skopos theory emphasizes the comparisonbetween the actual effect of translation and the expected effect and attaches moresignificanceto thefunctionalityof translation(Reiss,2010).Tosomeextent,theSkopos theory allows translators to take into account flexible methods while dealing with somechallenging texts. That may account for the author’s applying the Skopos theory in thisreport.

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Chapter Four Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1 Main Findings

Many conclusions can be made as the outcome of the case analysis in this report.To deal with translation of words, free translation is most recommended as it canreproduce meaning while making sure that the form is preserved. Free translation willalso improve the efficiency of translation to a large extent. It is also a noteworthyphenomenon that in many casesin which the applicationoffreetranslation isseeminglyreasonable, it is not. Translators should make more considerations about whether thesame word will be perceived differently by readers of different cultural backgrounds.The word “meat” mentioned in the free translation with notes is a typical example. ForEnglish-speaking readers, meat has nothing to do with high price or much value. Freetranslation is also widely used in the translation practice of this chapter. As a matter offact, free translation has more consistency with Skopos rule, which both suggests thatto convey the meaning in a faithful way is of superiority over preserving the form. It isalso with the help of free translation that many culturally loaded words are translatedin a more readable and comprehensible way. Transliteration method is proved to beeffective in dealing with some bonsai materials and trees native to China, which are normally named by some places and even their discoverers. As cultural confidence isappealed, translators might resort to this method more frequently.

In dealing with sentences, coherence rule of the Skopos theory has been proved tobe valuable in not only helping examine the translation but also being utilized as theinspiration of a more in-depth analysis. For example, what a causal relationship isexpressed in a sentence will inform translators of importance of inversion. That isexactly how the author of this report deals with some sentences explaining differentsteps of a bonsai’s cultivation. The author also finds that in many of cases wherediscourse difficulties are dealt with, many strategies are practical. Omission, forexample, has been applied to make the translation more concise. However, concisenesscannot be achieved at the sacrifice of loss of meaning. That is where S本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。