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论文作者:留学生论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2011-05-18编辑:anterran点击率:4040
论文字数:2946论文编号:org201105180950346710语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:$ 22
关键词:Soft Systems MethodologyConcepts and Process代写英国论文
Soft Systems Methodology – Concepts and Process
Preview
In Topics 3 and 4 you will investigate, in detail, Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), an approach that adopts predominantly the theme of “systems theory”.
Objectives
代写英国论文After completing this topic you should be able to:
• apply the Soft Systems Methodology.
Learning Materials
Recommended Reading:
Avison D & Fitzgerald G, 2003, ‘Information Systems Development: Methodologies, Techniques and Tools’
Journals:
Journal of the ACM, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, European Journal of Information Systems, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Information and Management, The Information Society, Information Technology and Management and Journal of Systems and Software
Readings:
OR Society of the United Kingdom, “What is Soft Systems Methodology?” https://www.orsoc.org.uk/about/teaching/StrategicProblems/m_s_3frs.htm
Underwood J, 1996, ‘Models for Change: Soft Systems Methodology’, https://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~jim/bpt/ssm.html
The Origin and Philosophy of Soft Systems Methodology
Origin
In 1969, researchers at the Postgraduate Department of System Engineering of the University of Lancaster (UK) commenced a stream of research, continuing to this day, to investigate the application of systems concepts to the investigation of the sort of messy, ill-structured, organisational problems that managers of all kinds, and at all levels, face everyday.
Initially they sought to explore whether it is possible to use well established Systems Engineering approaches to address real world managerial, rather than technical, problem situations.
Systems Engineering begins with a stated problem and applies systems concepts (eg, input, output, communication, control, feedback, …) to design solutions to those problems. Such approaches have undoubtedly been highly successful in the delivery of production processes, chemicals, electrical systems etc. What the researchers found, however, was that System Engineering concepts were unable to cope with the subtleties and immense complexity of management problems, characterised https://www.51lunwen.org/uk/by conflicting appreciative settings and norms (Checkland, 1999). Systems Engineering struggles to deal with situations where there are multiple conflicting perceptions of what the problem is, and where ends and means are not related by simple causal relationships.
The Lancaster researchers moved away from working with the idea of an obvious problem that required a solution, to working with the idea of a situation (a problem situation), which may be regarded as problematic by at least some people for multiple, different reasons.
SSM as an Inquiring/Learning Cycle
The development of SSM might be characterised by four key understandings (Checkland,
References
Checkland, P, 1981, Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
Checkland, P, 1999, Soft Systems Methodology: A 30-year retrospective, in Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
Checkland, P, and Holwell, S, 1998, Information, Systems and Information Systems – Making sense of the field, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
代写英国论文Checkland, P, and Scholes, J, 1990, Soft Systems Methodology in Action, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
Wilson, B, 1984, Systems: Concepts, Method本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。