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is experiencing them,but simultaneously without engaging in productiverelationships with himself and the outer world.He claims that everyone in modernsociety is alienated,and it has been spread to the whole society.Fromm points out thatthe development of capitalism caused human nature’s alienation,which reaches anunprecedented depth and breadth.The alienation like air permeated into all aspects ofthe social life of late capitalism.Fromm expatiates his theory of alienation by criticizingthe developed capitalist society more deeply.The alienation of social relationshipmainly reflects in the self-alienation,interpersonal relationship and relationship betweenman and society.This thesis focuses on the alienation of social relationship on the basisof Fromm’s theory of alienation.It analyzes the alienation theme of Sweet Tooth fromthree aspects:self-alienation,alienation between man and man,and alienation fromsocial forces.

Chapter Two Self-Alienation in Sweet Tooth

2.1 Marketing Orientation

Fromm describes the relationship of man toward himself as“marketingorientation”,in which man experiences himself as“a thing to be employed successfullyon the market…his sense of his own value always depends on factors extraneous tohimself,on the fickle judgement of the market”(Fromm,2002:138).Due to marketingorientation,Serena determines her value by the evaluation of others and loses her senseof self,feeling isolated and lonely.In this process she has always been marginalized,thus becomes self-alienated.

2.1.1 The Lack of Sense of Self

Most German critics view some elements of alienation as a central feature ofhuman nature.As long as man conceives his inner and outer worlds as a harmoniousunity and identifies himself with his age and environment,alienation remains a dormantagent.Nevertheless,as soon as this unity becomes fragile and then collapses,manbecome alienated.“In consequence of these perceptions,man,on the one hand,beginsto rebel against his environment.On the other hand,he indulges in painful self-analysis,hence exaggerating his individualism and triggering the feeling of otherness,loneliness,frustration,and powerlessness,in other words,activating the inherent propensity toalienation”(Pribic,2008:5).

2.2 Love and Solidarity

Fromm considers man can appreciate the nature of alienation.In the abnormalsocial relationship,cooperation,efficient communication and care for other people arereplaced by envy,distrust and indifference.Love and solidarity are the ways for man toeliminate alienation.“But man can fulfill himself only if he remains in touch with theexaltation of love and solidarity,as well as the tragic fact of his aloneness and of thefragmentary character of his existence”(Fromm,2002:140).Serena eliminatesself-alienation by establishing self-identity and breaking routinization.

2.2.1 Establishing Self-identity

Serena establishes her self-identity through the objectification of men.Because themost essential sense that gives women the power to objectify males is gaze,and theobjectification of men is more productive.Serena evaluates and judges the men in thenovel.She is always prepared to make judgments about the appearance or clothing ofothers,particularly the guys who catch her attention.Max may be the first.She carefullyexamines him when they both attend a lecture in their initial meeting.She give本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。