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global standards we note that there aremany international standards organisations who have helpedguide the evolution of international standards and best practices
in the software industry. These organisations, which havemembers from a great number of both large and small organisations,
serve as our “police force” to ensure that the introductionof new technologies, protocols and standards is monitored
carefully against international requirements.The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a consortiumwhich was set up to encourage the interchange ofcharacter data between countries which do not share common
character sets or alphabets. ISO's main focus is in recommending
protocols & GUI rendering mechanisms to preserveand present data in an accurate and persistent way. ISOhas made great efforts to evolve legacy 7-bit protocols to 8-bitso that data above 127 decimal can be transported correctly.This effort is most noticeable in the TCP/IP protocol. ISO hasalso defined the widely accepted 8-bit character set table,allowing for international languages to be included. Examplesinclude ISO-8859-1 for US and Western European countries,
IISO-8859-2 for Eastern European countries, ISO-8859-3 for
Cyrillic countries, and so on. ISO has also evolved the Unicode
standard, and this is a superset code page and character set
representation which captures all possible characters for all
possible countries and code pages. As we know, ISO’s work
has influenced many aspects of Global Software Testing.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a
national standards body working on standardisation of all
types. Noticeable efforts include the development of the ANSI
character set and the standardisation of all of the various
computer programming languages, particularly C and C++.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) is a member of ANSI and represents the United States
government. NIST advises the US government on standards
regarding hardware and software publishing. A good example
here is the exporting of encryption technology outside of the
US, where it was once illegal to make the 128 bit encryption
technology (used in the language applications like Lotus
Notes) available to countries outside the U.S.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE) was formerly concerned with hardware standardisation.
More recently the organisation has become much more
software focused. The organisation has also started to look at
more fundamental engineering standards such as interface
definition, software integrity and interfacing of systems. Such
standards feed various aspects of Design, Development and
Global Software Testing.
The European Computer Manufacturers’ Association
(ECMA) is dedicated to standardisation of hardware-oriented
facets of computers. It is concerned with the standardisation
of paper sizes, page layouts, conversion routines and device
compatibility.
Global software testing needs to consider language specific
challenges and users' disparate needs. The Unicode project
evolved to address this and involves a number of companies
which include Apple Computers, Xerox, Claris, IBM,
Microsoft, Sun Microsystems, and many more. The key objective
of the consortium is the delivery of a multi-byte character
set to permit many countries to share and exchange data in a
way which maint