摘要:本文是一篇关于中国经济问题的留学生问题,2008年的经济危机中,中国首当其冲,当今的中国已逐步形成了相互依存的全球性经济,全球资本主义这种集成的增加一直是其经济增长的主要来源。
, owner-specific advantages and internalization advantages. The ‘footloose’ characteristic of the software development industry are based on its business nature that, technology are intangible assets that are highly mobile and there are virtually no cost for manufacturing process for programmes.
Topic 5
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Topic 6
Evaluate three ways in which active labour market programmes may enhance labour force participation and/or reduce unemployment.
With the bearing of high employment rates for more than a decade, countries increasingly change their focus on appropriate policies that aim at reducing long term unemployment and to enhance labour participation. These are the objectives of active labour market policies. There are four main types of ALMP: Labour market training, subsidized employment, public employment services and activation. (Kluve, 2007)
Labour market training is targeted for unemployed adults, those that are at risk of losing their jobs, and already employed workers. Through labour trainings, unemployed individuals may increase their competiveness by enhancing their skills and employability, allowing them to be more capable in finding a better job. As job seeking individuals end up with a high skilled job, it may decrease the chances from employment to unemployment, ultimately reducing unemployment rates. (Boone, 2004)
Subsidized employment is a different approach to promote or provide employment, by concerns wage subsidies paid to private firms in order to encourage hiring of targeted workers or continue employment of those that are at risk of losing their jobs. It also supports unemployed workers to start their new business, or direct job creation in public or non-profit organizations. These programmes can help in reduce the gap between wages of workers and their productivity. (Bertola, 2000)
Public employment services concern counseling, job searches, placements, and administration of unemployment benefits. The functions of this programme are to help reduce mismatching of jobs by providing a screen process, making job matching more efficient and effective. It also consists of the administration of unemployment benefits, which could assign benefits to those that are in need but cannot successfully find a job yet. These programmes are usually target to people that are at disadvantages, and people who are long term unemployed.
There are interaction effects between the policy programmes themselves; for instance, training is shown to be more effective if unemployment benefits are more generous. Nevertheless unemployment benefits on the other hand, may lead to disincentive traps if the measure is strict. These traps include unemployment traps, inactivity traps and poverty traps.
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