如何用一篇文章深刻分析中国当代经济问题 [6]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2014-10-20编辑:yangcheng点击率:7872
论文字数:3786论文编号:org201409072327192075语种:中文 Chinese地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:Economics Essay当代经济问题贸易经济学Contemporary Issues
摘要:本文是一篇关于中国经济问题的留学生问题,2008年的经济危机中,中国首当其冲,当今的中国已逐步形成了相互依存的全球性经济,全球资本主义这种集成的增加一直是其经济增长的主要来源。
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Last but not least, activation programs are measures that provide incentives for unemployed to actively job seeking, usually by unemployed benefit sanctions or through compulsory training or subsidized employment. Benefit sanctions refer to the policy that, if an individual is not actively job seeking or attending interviews, the unemployment benefits would be reduce or removed. The impact of the removal or reduction of unemployment benefits were analyses by Boone and Van Ours (2006). Actual benefit sanctions would increase the search intensity due to the reduce value of being unemployed, while unemployed individuals may also increase their job search due to the existence of the risk of being sanctioned. Boone and Van Ours (2004) concluded that while training may do very well in reducing unemployment rate, subsidized employment and public employment services may not be as effective in helping the unemployed situations.
But what is the real effectiveness of the ALMPs ? Empirical microeconomic studies about the effect of ALMPs concluded that on job placement rates tend to be quite minimal in the short-run where their impact in longer term of employability is generally higher and significant.(Boone, 2004) A study by IZA (Card, 2009) shows that’ longer-term evaluations of active labour market policies tend to be more favorable than short-term evaluations.’ It is shown that many ALMP programs that had minimal or even negative impacts after a only a year may have a much greater positive effect after two or three years later. Some on-the-job training programs are particularly estimated to be more effective in the medium term than impact in short-run.
On the other hand based on studies, the performance of the Swedish ALMPs on the employment effects is rather unsatisfactory (Calmfors, Forslund, and Hemstr?m, 2001). Re-training programs has little or negative effect on employment rate. Martin and Grubb (2001) draw related conclusions in their summary about which programs of ALMPs are working and which ones are not in OECD countries. They conclude that subsidies to employment and direct job creation may not been as effective in helping the unemployed workers to yield a long term or permanent job.
Statistics from Jobindsats Denmark expose that since 2008 there has been a decrease in the duration of the activation labour market programmes while the participation rate increases. After three to twelve months of activation the effectiveness of the programme slowly diminished. From 2006-2009, the share of employment due to these programme dropped by 15% and 23% respectively. Activation programmes can be costly as unemployment grows, especially during the time of crisis. (Neweurope online, 2012)
Some older micro econometric studies provided by Heckman, Lalonde, and Smith (1999) have concluded a detail overview on the impact of ALMPs. They summarizes that the programs have, at best, a modest impact on the participants labour market. Also, there are great differences in the impact of the programs, such that the program is considerably more effective for some groups than another. Finally, when the ALMPs are implemented in a larger scale, the displacement effect and general equilibrium effect may be quite significant. In other words, if the programs are not implemented into a macro level, micro implementation effect would provide poor impacts and effects to employment rates.
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