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2.1 Historical retrospect
Language, as an important component of culture, is bound to reflect thecharacteristics of culture, satisfying the need of social development. Meanwhile, thedevelopment of culture requires the absorption of different cultures, while languagedevelopment needs the involvement of different languages. Consequently, loanwordsbetween English and Chinese are the direct product of answering for the need of bothlanguage and culture，which serves as a key factor in expressing the informationoriginating from other countries or words. In the light of this statement, the process ofborrowing words from English demonstrates the intercommunication andinter-involvement between western culture and that of China, which still continues togo.In accordance with the communication history between China and westerncountries, language contact can be divided into three periods: before the 1850s;between 1850s and 1900s; 1900s till now.Before 1850sThis period is marked by the year of 1637，subdivided into indirectcommunication and direct communication.
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2.2 Previous studies on loanwords
In the western world, Edward Sapir. American structuralism firstly launched thestudy of linguistic borrowing in the early 1920s. His main study is to concentrate onthe discussion of borrowing in a descriptive way. Later in 1933, Bloomfielddistinguished the following two types of borrowing in his famous work: intimateborrowing and cultural borrowing. In 1968. Bolinger( 1968) in the book Aspect ofLanguage also provides a part to discuss the interchange between languages. Haugen.in particular, adopted the social-linguistic way to study the loanwords, and therelations between language and society. At the end of 1970s，Garland Cannon devotedhimself to the study of language contact and loanwords, whose study placed greatemphasis on the study of source language, statistic analysis, and the borrowed words. As for the studies on loanwords in China, it started from the 1940s representedby lu(吕叔湘，1942). He introduced two ways of importing foreign words intoChinese，that is，free translation and transliteration. And Luo (罗舍培）discussed therelations between language culture from lexicological perspective in language andculture. Later, Gao(高名凯）mainly discussed the contact and involvement betweenlanguages from linguistic perspective. The most recent significant study of lexicalborrowing in Chinese is Shi's The loanwords in Chinese.(史有为）This is a rathercomplete work summing up previous knowledge as well as adding new facts andinsights. In 2001, Hu (胡清'平-)put forward the view that the best strategy foradopting foreign words into Chinese was semantic transliteration, i.e. a combinationof phonetic transcription and semantic manipulation of the original words. Heelaborated on the advantages of such strategies and laid down a set of formulas forestablishing the norms of semantic transliteration nowadays.
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Chapter 3 Language contact and related theories....... 8
3.1 Language contact.......     8
3.1.1 Causes and features of language contact .......8
3.1.2 Types of Language contact.......   8
3.1.3 Consequence of Language Contact....... 9
3.2 Loanwords.......11
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