英语论文网

thnic Malay investors and endorsed by the ministry as qualified importers. No open bidding is involved in the process, and the APs are awarded at no cost to the recipient. Similar systems also prevail in other industries.

 

Thailand—In Thailand, farmers complain they can't compete with the low-cost Chinese onions and garlic flooding into the country. And Thai exporters grumble that China uses non-tariff barriers such as long delays in customs clearance to keep out perishable Thai tropical fruit such as mangoes and papayas, which rot before they reach their destination due to delays in customs clearance.

 

United States—Industrial alcohol made in Canada and shipped to the U.S. must be tested at a U.S. facility before it can be sold because the U.S. doesn't recognize Canadian test standards for the product. Without the testing, the exporter would pay an excise tax.

 

Discussion

 

Non-tariff measures (NTMs) have become a major impediment to international trade and market access, and are of particular concern to exporters. The ongoing decline of tariff rates due to multilateral trade negotiations and regional, bilateral and unilateral liberalization has brought into sharper focus the importance of NTMs both as protection and regulatory trade policy instruments. Whilst the use of NTMs often serves a practical purpose and are deemed necessary for a number of valid reasons, such as to safeguard the health, safety and security of human being, animal and plants, and against environmental protection; they are also often criticized as a means of national protection to evade liberalization of trade resulting from reduction of tariffs.

 

NTMs refer to a broad range of requirements and regulations that countries apply for importing and exporting goods, including technical regulations and customs procedures. NTMs may be justified under the provisions or the exceptions provided under the various multilateral agreements governing international trade. For all exporters, but particularly in developing and least developing countries, such conditions have disproportionably high adverse effects on their ability to supply markets; it affects on their competitiveness and on their ability to actually enter markets.

 

NTMs are usually defined as policy measures other than customs tariffs that can potentially have an economic effect on international trade in goods, changing quantities traded, prices or both (MAST 2008). While having a long tradition in regulating trade, NTMs also impact import conditions and have become increasingly important in international trade. They are used to address information problems and externalities that are related to societal concerns and may cause market failure. In shaping the trade system, standards and regulations bear potential for conflicts between importing and exporting countries, as import regulations always本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。