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estment appraisal methods employing approved NPV/IRR techniques, acceptable to economists in both local and central government. It is also essential in evaluating the nature of possible future schemes that these should also be approached on the same basis. Any overall analysis should include reference to the following factors:

• operational efficiencies and costs per kWh

• accounting procedures and cost assessments to tenants

• administrative problems associated with housing management

• levels of account ‘arrears’ and cost collection problems

• system breakdowns and condition of boiler plant, underground mains and dwelling internals

• metering implications with regard to future operational costs and efficiencies

• cost quantification of unmetered losses and identification of single pipe loop systems

• cost quantification of any water losses and investigation into water treatment and make-up water meters

• financial effects resulting from systems operating below design capability

• effects of tenant energy conservation on plant loads and efficiencies

• investigation into the effects of the provision of additional tenant controls

• central plant efficiencies and electronic meters to measure heat at the boiler house wall

• evaluation of alternative fuels/refuse-derived fuel (RDF)/CHP, refuse incineration, etc

• possible introduction of pre-payment heat controllers

• existing and future maintenance procedures

• economic appraisal of existing systems in the long term

• availability of resources and possible use of private sector finance.

While several of the items listed may be considered contentious in certain instances it is essential that the implications of both present and future actions should be fully appreciated.

6.2: Investment Analysis

In evaluations of this nature the options include various strategies from merely returning the heating system to a viable operating state through to a situation whereby full financial control can be maintained over the operation of the system and the final option considers removal of the existing system and the provision of suitable replacement systems which would not be based on the principle of district heating.

A common feature of each option is to determine the varying life expectancy of the equipment and components of each of the systems contained within the options, and from this it is possible to determine the overall useful life of each option. The assessment of such life expectancies is an engineering judgement and is based on data issued by the BRE, BSRIA, etc. However, it is clear that to maintain a viable operating system on an ongoing basis, the capital cost profile incurred at the initial refurbishment stage will recur at some point in the future when the system requires a second and subsequent refurbishment(s) and it is important to reflect this in the investment appraisal.

It is important that the scheme owner be fully aware of the basis on which the本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。