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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2014-08-01编辑:felicia点击率:16839
论文字数:8677论文编号:org201407281357193486语种:英语 English地区:澳大利亚价格:免费论文
关键词:Plant Pollinator Interactions花卉色彩多样性澳大利亚floral colour diversity生物学
摘要:本文是一篇生物学留学论文。由于地质经历了漫长的发展阶段,澳大利亚大陆与其他大陆长期隔离,因此动植物物种有着显著的差别。在花卉色彩多样性的进化过程中,对这方面的研究极少。本文通过分析植物间花粉的传播,进一步分析澳大利亚花卉色彩的多样性。
Pollinator learning and food deceptive orchids
Most plants reward their pollinators with nectar or pollen. However, some species do not offer floral rewards and, instead, employ a range of deceptive techniques to trick insects into performing the task of pollination. Deceptive pollination strategies are particularly well known and widespread among orchids (Jersáková, Johnson et al. 2006). For instance, approximately 400 orchid species are known to achieve pollination through sexual deceit, luring unsuspecting male insects to the flower through olfactory, visual and tactile mimicry of potential mates. More common are food deceptive orchids which are believed to number as many as 6,000 species (one-third of orchids) (Jersáková, Johnson et al. 2009). Food mimicking orchids employ bright colours to falsely advertise the presence of a reward to attract naive pollinators (Ackerman 1986; Nilsson 1992; Jersáková, Johnson et al. 2006). The common occurrence of food deception in orchids suggests that this form of pollination by deception is an extremely successful evolutionary strategy (Cozzolino and Widmer 2005).
Visits by pollinators to deceptive plants are influenced by pollinator learning. In the case of sexual deception, previous research shows that insects quickly learn unrewarding flower decoys and avoid them. For example, male insects learn to avoid areas containing sexually deceptive orchids (Peakall 1990; Wong and Schiestl 2002). However, whether insects can learn to avoid food deceptive orchids remains to be investigated. In addition, high levels of variability in floral traits, particularly flower colour and floral scent, may interrupt the associative learning of insects by preventing their ability to become familiar with deceptive flowers (Schiestl 2005). Indeed, variation in colour, shape and fragrance is evident in non-model food-deceptive orchids (Moya and Ackerman 1993; Aragón and Ackerman 2004; Salzmann, Nardella et al. 2007). However, previous studies have only looked at pollinator preference for colour morphs (Koivisto, Vallius et al. 2002), rather than assessing if variable flower colour slows down the ability of naive pollinators to learn unrewarding flower decoys. Furthermore, there is a need to incorporate a combination 本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。