Crime Reduction Research [4]
论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-06-02编辑:lzm点击率:5264
论文字数:2350论文编号:org201406021626387401语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:Crime Reduction Research犯罪和刑罚的讨论减少犯罪criminal justice systemeffective crime control
摘要:Left realism as an approach has encouraged synthesis of ideas and theories, and encouraged deeper analysis of all the processes and aspects involved in the process of crime. Such an approach is a worthy one, and it may well lead to real advances in our understanding of the true causes of crime.
context of opting for criminal behaviour, the third relates to the situation in which a crime is committed, the fourth regards the detection of crime, the fifth looks at the response to the offender and the sixth the response to the victim [Young 1995, p106].
As I have also noted above, left-realism dictates that attention must be simultaneously paid to the social context of deviance and crime, building on the agenda as set out within The New Criminology [Taylor et al. 1973]; the immediate social origins of a deviant act should be set within its wider social context and such an analysis should encompass the actors, reactors, victims and the public to crime [Young 1995, p105]. This aspect of left-realism is in stark contrast with the ideas of the right-realist school in which causes of crime are seen as autonomous from the social structure [Wilson, 1975].
In relation to the 'shape of crime', left-realists argue that the complex network of relationships involved in the processes of deviance and crime, and also the shape of the structure of particular crimes, should be analysed and compared in order to further our understanding of what causes crime and how to control it. An example of comparing the shapes of different crime might be between the crime of drug-dealing and the crime of assault: the crime of drug dealing has a well-known pyramidal shape [there is a main man wholesaler at the top selling to a few large dealers who themselves sell smaller amounts to a larger number of local dealers etc.], whereas the crime of assault may be a one off case, and thus have no real structure to it. Left-realism encourages analysis of the internal nature of these structures and the relationships involved, as well as their mere shape: for example, every step of the pyramid of drug use is consensual, whereas, with the crime of assault relationships are purely coercive.
As regards to the trajectory of crime through time, a left-realist approach breaks this down into six component parts, the first is the background cause of crime, the second relates to the moral context of opting for criminal behaviour, the third relates to the situation in which a crime is committed, the fourth regards the detection of crime, the fifth looks at the response to the offender and the sixth the response to the victim [Young 1995, p106].
In conclusion, I must reiterate that the reason that so little success has been seen in the reduction of crime, despite the large volume of writing and criminological debate, is because in the past, criminology tended to be separated into various different schools of thought, each unwilling to entertain the strengths of their rivals theories. As a result, penal policy would choose the most popular paradigm at any one time and base its crime-reducing initiatives upon one theory alone. The results of this can be devastating, as we have seen through my historical analysis of the period 1951- 1971. I can conclude however that the dark ages of criminology may be over. Left realism as an approach has encouraged synthesis of ideas and theories, and encouraged deeper analysis of all the processes and aspects involved in the process of crime. Such an approach is a worthy one, and it may well lead to real advances in our understanding of the true causes of crime. Possibly someone answering this same essay question in 50 years time might be able to conclude that the pr
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