留学生税法补贴Subsidy论文 [8]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:议论文 Argument Essay登出时间:2014-09-24编辑:yangcheng点击率:15216
论文字数:4406论文编号:org201409202309147878语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:税法补贴论文indirect taxes财政政策货币援助sbusidy
摘要:本文是一篇留学生税法补贴论文,补贴,通常被视为税收的相反面,是一种财政政策的工具。补贴源于拉丁词“subsidium”,从字面意思上反应出背后所隐含的援助的意思。然而,当这些措施是透明的,有针对性的以及适用于实际执行情况时,他们才会展现出最有益的潜力。
e for the quantity.
The Overall Impact of Farm Policy
Although farm policies serve no legitimate purpose, they have profoundly negative effects on taxpayers, consumers, and small farmers, including:
Higher prices. James Board once wrote, 'For almost every farm program, there is another equal but opposite farm program or provision.' Commodity subsidies encourage overproduction and therefore lower prices. The Conservation Reserve Program encourages underproduction and thereby raises prices. Tariffs raise import prices. Export subsidies lower export prices. Price supports triple the price of sugar and raise the price of milk. Calculating the net effect of these contradictory programs, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development estimates that U.S. farm policy raises food prices enough to cost consumers an extra $12 billion annually in effect, an average annual food tax of $104 per household
High taxes. As the farm economy booms, Congress is expanding farm subsidies. After averaging less than $14 billion per year during the 1990s, annual farm subsidies have topped $25 billion in the current decade since passage of the 2002 farm bill, the most expensive farm bill in American
history. All federal spending must eventually be funded by taxes. Thus, these subsidies cost the average household $216 in annual taxes in addition to $104 in higher food prices.
No added rural economic growth. A study by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City concluded that farm subsidies do not promote rural economic growth, between 1992 and 2002, the vast majority of the 783 'farm dependent' counties experienced job growth below the national average. In fact, more of these counties suffered outright job losses than experienced job growth exceeding the national average. While critics can argue that growth would have been worse without subsidies, these policies are clearly not creating new growth centers. Farm subsidies are likely funding farm consolidations, which in turn are reducing employment on farms and in related industries.
Small farmers driven out of business. Small family farmers are generally not eligible for significant levels of farm subsidies. Furthermore, subsidies to large commercial farms harm small farmers by (1) reducing crop prices and, therefore, farmer incomes; (2) raising the prices of farmland, thereby preventing family farmers from expanding; and (3) subsidizing agribusiness buyouts of family farms. Small farmers receive virtuallyIntroduction.docx none of the subsidies, but they must endure the market distortions and financial pain caused by these policies.
Less trade. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke has stated that 'the increase in trade since World War II has boosted U.S. annual incomes on the order of $10,000 per household' and that 'removing all remaining barriers to trade would raise U.S. incomes anywhere from $4,000 to $12,000 per household.' Yet massive tariffs and import restrictions raise food prices and make the American economy less productive. Bringing free trade to agriculture would also make free-trade agreements in other industries much more likely.
Conclusion
If Congress takes the path of least resistance and extends current farm policies for another five years, it will have surrendered an enormous opportunity for reform. Most debates over fed
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