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Figure 3, 4 and 5 tells us that along with the development of expatriate literature, the co-citation of top 50 articles has become denser and articles have become more connected with each other from Stage 1 to Stage 3, further confirming our differentiation of three stages and indicating an increasing awareness of the studies between scholars in this field. The field has become more concentrated. This change of co-citation patterns also reveals the rapid formation of an independent research field of expatriate management.

From Table 4, a general pattern can be seen across three stages that the betweenness centrality has become more evenly distributed among articles in the later stages. More specifically, in Stage 1, one article (Harari & Zeira, 1974) stood out as the most influential and outreached article in the field followed by Adams (1969) and Seward (1975), and the range of betweenness centrality number is quite large (0 to 95.68), indicating that more nodes will need these three articles to reach other nodes, or the top articles are cited by different articles that have no connections in the co-citation network. In Stage 2, the highest number of centrality reduced to 7.86 and 4 articles distinguished themselves as having the equally highest betweenness centrality, i.e. Black, 1988; Buchanan, 1974; Copeland & Griggs, 1985; and Mendenhall, 1985. The range of centrality score is 0 to 7.86, much smaller than the first stage, indicating that the field is more connected and not as many nodes as in Stage 1 are needed for particular articles to reach other nodes. In Stage 3, fourteen (14) articles share the top betweeness centrality and the highest centrality index reduced to 2.59 and the lowest now is .73, indicates that the field of expatriate study has become further interconnected and no single dominant article takes the leading role, however, it is clear from the author analysis above that Black and his colleagues are centrally placed in this network but through a range of articles, not a single article. Considering the variety of topics covered among the top 14 articles in Stage 3, we can see that the field of expatriate develops into an independent field, and the field has been evolved in a healthy way that many different fields of expatriate management issues have been covered and have taken an equally important role in the field. However, at the same time, Blacks and his associates' studies are still dominating in the field, counting 6 out of 14 top studies (details will be discussed later).

From the co-citation analyses we have identified articles that are central to the field. In order to assess their contribution to the theoretical development of the field we need to examine the contributions of the articles most cited and central to the field. In the following, we will briefly review the articles with top betweenness centrality to describe the activities in each stage.

Stage 1. The article with highest centrality at this stage was co-authored by Harari and Zeira (1974). They looked at issues of managerial compatibility of MNCs' goals and managerial styles with local environment and employees, and their host country employees' job satisfaction. Interestingly, the host county in their study was United Stages and the MNCs were headquartered in I本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。