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anagement and psychology (Table 3). Given the prevalence of articles in top-rated journals, these data would suggest a transition of the field of expatriate research and management to a recognized and important field of study in the foundation disciplines.

At Stage 3, from the list of authors of top 10 articles, it is much clearer that Black, Tung, Mendenhall, and Gregersen are currently dominating the field. The top five cited articles are all written by Black and colleagues. The range of citations of the top 50 articles is from 15 to 69 reflecting an exponential development of the field. Looking at the ranking of the journals (Table 3), five of the most frequent citations are in highly respected journals that were evidenced in Stage 2: Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of International Business Studies and International Journal of Intercultural Relations. These highly respected journals continue to see the research and development of expatriate management research as an important management topic. An interesting observation from this table is that the International Journal of Human Resource Management (IJHRM) was begun in 1989 and by Stage 3 was the journal with the second most cited articles in expatriate management. IJHRM is another reflection of the growing importance of the broader based increased attention to international human resource issues.

Network Analysis of Articles

To further explore the pattern of development in the expatriate management field, using Ucinet 6.0, we mapped the co-citation networks of the top 50 articles in each period (see Figure 3, 4, and 5) and analyzed the centrality of each article in the respective network (see Table 4). We used “degree” centrality and “betweenness” centrality to measure the position attribute of each article (Freeman, 1979). Considering each article as a node in the co-citation network, degree centrality means a count of the number of paths at length 1 that emanate from a particular node reaching to other alternative nodes; betweenness centrality is number of times that any alternative node needs a particular node in order to reach any other node (Borgatti & Everett, 2006; Freeman, 1979). These two measures are highly correlated with each other (Bonacich, Oliver, & Snijders, 1998). In the current analysis, we used both measures to assess the centrality of each article in the co-citation network of expatriate studies. In the following discussion, we will focus on betweenness centrality only. In sociology, high betweenness centrality means that the individual positioned in the high-centrality node of a communication network has more control of information flow and more people need this particular individual to reach or contact another person in the network (Freeman, 1979). A high betweenness (and degree) of centrality of a particular article in a co-citation network indicates that this article has been co-cited with more other different articles in the field than those ones with low centrality. In other words, the centrality represents the importance of an article in the expatriate management literature and the outreach of this article to peripheral studies in the field.

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