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that the prolonged assault was accompanied by rap music (Morgan 1995: 181f.). Thus, there is evidence that rap misogyny does provoke and provide a pretext and soundtrack for sexual violence. (back) 11. Rivalry and dissing between East and West Coast rap goes back to the early 1990s; see Paul Gilroy's (1996: 308f.) citing and discussion of New York rap artist Tim Dogg's attack on West Coast gangster rap in his 1991 EP Fuck Compton. After the shooting of Tupac and Biggie, however, there has been a concerted effort to cool the rivalry between East Coast and West Coast. (back) 12. Members of the rap culture tell of recurrent violence within Death Row records in a 1998 MTV rockumentary, while a Los Angeles Times story reports violence against writers for rap music magazines (January 1, 1999: F16, F18). (back) 13. The term "Dionysian" derives from the Greek god Dionysus, the god of the festival and ecstasy; see the description in Nietzsche 1967. From this perspective, the more extreme versions of rap are a baccalanian festival of excess, an expenditure of anarchic and creative energies that draw on the deepest roots of Eros and Thanatos, sex and violence. (back) Works Cited Baker, Houston A. Black Studies, Rap and the Academy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Benjamin, Walter. Illuminations. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. Best, Steven, and Kellner, Douglas. Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations. London and New York: MacMillan and Guilford Press, 1991. _____. The Postmodern Turn . London and New York: Routledge and Guilford Press, 1997. _____. The Postmodern Adventure. New York: Guilford Press, (forthcoming). Dyson, Michael. Reflecting Black. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. _____. Between God and Gangsta Rap: Bearing Witness to Black Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Ferguson, Tom and Joel Rogers. Right Turn. New York: Will and Wang, 1986. Fiske, John. Media Matters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. Gates, Henry Louis. The Signifying Monkey. A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. George, Nelson. The Death of Rhythm & Blues. New York: Pantheon, 1988. _____. Hip Hop America. New York: Viking Press, 1998. Gilroy, Paul. 'There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack'. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. _____. The Black Atlantic. London and New York: Verso, 1994. Howe, Neil and Strauss, Bill. 13th Generation: America's 13th Generation, Born 1961- 1981. New York: Vintage, 1993. Kellner, Douglas. Media Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Lipsitz, George. Dangerous Crossroads. Popular Music, Postmodernism, and the Poetics of Place. London: Verso, 1994. Mailer, Norman. Advertisements for Myself. New York: Putnam's, 1959. Marcuse, Herbert. One-Dimensional Man. Boston: Beacon Press, 1964. Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy. New York: Random House, 1967. Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Rap Music and Bl ack Culture in Contemporary America. Wesleyan, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1994. Toop, David. The Rap Attack: African Jive to New York Hip-Hop. Boston: South End Press, 1984. Copyright Enculturation 1997-1999