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keholders’ behaviour about their way of realising the processes, need to be addressed. It is valuable to be able to quantify entities, such as the performance of employees, the quality of results, the customer satisfaction in an organisation, in order not only to measure the current situation, but also to be able to understand which points and aspects need to be changed and to apply a strategy which will underline the vision, the mission and the objectives. Such measurements influence essentially the human behaviour inside and outside the organisation. With the Egypt Process approach for improving the quality of higher education, the necessity to establish a common diversified national educational system was pointed out, in order to ensure the quality in higher education and to develop a more transparent education environment area. Within this frame, educational institutions need to be able not only to reconsider their way of operating and thinking, but also to develop further abilities for achieving quality and perfection in their processes as well as conformity in their services. The total quality management enables organisations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action by providing a holistic change around the internal business processes and the external outcomes. When fully deployed, the TQM transforms strategic planning from an academic exercise into the nerve centre of an organisation.

This research demonstrates how a private university, in our research the three private universities, aims to reach excellence and a competitive advantage by combining the Change Management theory with the TQM methodology. A brief description of Change Management is presented in chapter four explaining the common factors between TQM principals and the change management in private universities.

1.9.3 Private universities

In every sector and every industry there is a perception of quality. Universities are not the exception to this, since they are organizations that are not isolated from society but on the contrary, they are strongly linked to it. Such close relationship defines a role and a challenge that demands continuous improvement. Being the centerpiece of an educational system, universities improvement processes have a direct impact on the development of society itself.

The field of quality assurance in higher education is still in a state of adolescence, with varying and shifting approaches and confusion in both objectives and terminology. Incentive structures for improving (or not improving) quality also generally differ between public and private higher education.

On the basis of the available information and regarding the quality process for universities and higher institutes in Egypt, the following observations can be offered regarding why selecting the private universities instead of public universities in this research:

Private universities have better Student Staff Ratios (SSRs) than public universities by a considerable margin, where the public universities SSRs reflect a standard of higher education well outside internationally acceptable norms. This in turns leads to easier implementation of TQM principles and change management.

The MOHE traditional mode of funding public higher education institutions predominantly with budgetary resources makes it impossible to have all needed recourses (buildings,