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e universities development.

Chapter four; a literature review of “TQM” is about Total Quality Management. It discusses the concept of ‘quality’ and the development of TQM. It analyses the philosophy of four of the TQM gurus and their associated methods. It also points out the tools and techniques of TQM planning and improvement.

Chapter five a literature review of “Embedding TQM in private universities”. The chapter discusses TQM in private universities context. It highlights the benefits and concerns of TQM in private universities. It also discusses the implementation of TQM in five private universities and the lessons learned from them. The chapter concludes with a proposed model of TQM for the private universities which is based on the results of the pilot study and the review of literature.

Chapter six draws the methodology of the thesis. It describes the stages of the thesis. It describes the pilot study and the main study; and considers the validity and reliability of the tools; the questionnaire and the interview. It describes the statistical analysis process used. The data analysis and discussions are presented in the following chapters.

Chapter seven discusses the results of the quantitative data collected by the closed items of the questionnaire. The data are displayed in tabular form presenting the views of different administration levels within the university; the top management, the middle management level and the operational level, in relation to the different principles of TQM proposed Model in chapter five; commitment to TQM, focus on stakeholders, involvement and empowerment, continuous improvement, training and education, tools and techniques, and rewards.

Chapter eight discusses the qualitative data collected from the open-ended questions of the questionnaire and the interviews. It presents the significant themes emerging from this data and is illustrated by extracts from the interview notes. It concludes with discussing some issues that arose from the qualitative data.

Chapter nine, the TQM modified Model, its implementation framework and the recommendations. It draws together the issues highlighted by the literature review and the results of the field work and brings them together to present the TQM modified Model and its proposed framework. It concludes with some recommendations for developing private universities in the lights of TQM principles, some recommendations for the Ministry of Higher Education regarding TQM implementation and some recommendations for further research and studies in this area of education.

1.11 Conclusion

In a globalizing world, the most important aim for the higher education system in general and private universities in particular is not only to do its routine role of serving higher education, but also to face challenges such as the globalization and the advancement of knowledge and technology which are discussed in this chapter. This is in addition to be able to deal with the challenges of high student’s number growth, finance governance and management of the higher education system and the quality assurance. This requires new ways of thinking and managing, but before discussing the different approaches of managing change, it is important to have a general vision of the Egypt, its economy and education. The next chapter will highlight the literature re