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libraries, teaching and research equipment,…etc.) while in private universities with it is open budgets it is possible to have all these recourses easily. Although the TQM gurus do not use the word budget as a main issue in TQM implementation they do state the importance of the quality cost and the provision of the needed resources.

Private universities although not operated by government still they are subjected to governmental regulation.

Egypt has adopted a strong approach to external quality assurance, primarily to safeguard minimum standards and provide consumer protection in the context of growth in private sector provision of higher education. The quality concepts are in a place to be easier adopted in private universities; on the contrary it is difficult in public.

The MOHE is pursuing a promising strategy of increasing higher education sector capacity through different types of higher education institutions, including non-profit private institutions. This is an important issue to search for why to develop strong private universities instead of public one.

Private institutions are almost free from governmental regulation, except for basic regulations defining legal status, requiring that certain conditions be met. This helps in implementing and changing the cultural thinking of people when TQM is adopted

rather than in public universities.

In the case of private universities, students can apply to several institutions and programmes. Also private universities are more flexible in enrolling students in the admission and registration stages. It is a customer satisfaction element which considered most important in the TQM approach.

The tuition fees at private universities are higher than public one, which is leading to the conclusion of plenty of resources as such making implementation of TQM easier in private universities than public universities.

1.10 Outline of thesis

The structure and content of this thesis is consists of nine chapters. Chapter one, provides introduction about the problem of the thesis, challenges for doing the research in private higher education which are creating a need for the private universities to change, the research questions, the aims and objectives, the thesis context in which reflects the author’s research orientation, the contribution of this thesis to knowledge, and the outline of the thesis.

Chapter two the literature review of “Pilot and Exploratory Study in Higher Education in Egypt” investigates the historical background and the development of education in general and higher education in particular in Egypt. It draws out the structure of the higher educational system. It also discusses improvements in the higher educational system. It concludes with a discussion of the results from the pilot study which highlight the existing issues in the private universities that need to be improved.

Chapter three, literature review of ‘Changing The Management Concepts Adopting In Private Universities’, analyses a range of change management theories. It discusses some change management approaches such as the Miller Model, Kotter’s Eight Phases of Change, Purposive Change Model, reengineering approaches and Total Quality Management. It concludes with a brief discussion exploring the suitability of TQM for the privat