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nbsp;a  very  ambiguous  term  usually  employed  with  arguing,  dispute, opposition and disagreement. According  to  Honda  (2002),  conflict  talk  can  be  defined  at  two  levels.  In  the narrow  sense,  conflict  talk  can  be  viewed  as  a  verbal  battle  that  different  sides  try  to fight  for  their  own  standpoints  through  the  expression  of  disagreements  against  the other  party’s  standpoint,  namely  opposition.  In  the  broad  sense,  conflict  talk  contains the whole procedure of opposition, including the successive exchanges of oppositions as well as opposition stimulus, opposition beginning, opposition escalation, and opposition termination etc. 
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2.2 Relevant Theory 
This part mainly introduces face theory, and relationship between face theory and conflict talk.  On  the  foundation  of  the  face  concept  of  Goffman,  face  theory  is  proposed  by Brown and Levinson in 1987, which has been the most widely adopted politeness model to  explore  face  phenomenon  in  human  communication  till  date.  According  to  Kasper (1990: 194), it contributes to a large amount of “theoretical and empirical research” in various subjects, including anthropology, intercultural communication, and linguistics, etc. This theory supposes that people concerns about their speech partners’ as well as their own face, and that they would try to minimize threats to their partners’ face, and avoid loss of face. Three  basic  concepts  namely  face,  face-threatening  acts  (FTAs),  and  politeness strategies are contained in the face theory. Brown and Levinson (1987: 61) treat face as basic want and define face as “the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself”, which covers positive face and negative face. Positive face is defined as the need of each person to be approved of, to have others share the same wants, while negative  face  is  “the  want  of  every  competent  adult  member  that  his  actions  be unimpeded by others” (Brown & Levinson, 1987: 13). To put it straightly, face contains not  only  the  want  of  unity  with  other  people,  but  also  the  autonomy,  independence, freedom from other people.  On the basis of the conception of face, any action which threatens the positive or negative face wants is defined as “face-threatening act”. This kind of act might threaten either  the  positive  or  negative  face,  or  both  positive  and  negative  face  of  the  speaker or/and the hearer. Face-threatening acts could be made less face threatening and more polite  by  employing  certain  strategies  to  minimize  the  threat.  In  total,  there  are  five kinds of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987: 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。