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Ⅱ. Literature Review

2.1 Studies on Teacher Burnout
In this section, previous studies on teacher burnout are mentioned, which includedefinitions, types and symptoms of teacher burnout. Besides, factors affecting teacherburnout are also stated. According to Byrne (1999, 15), “burnout”, a term originally coined byFreudenberger in 1974 to describe healthcare workers who were physically andpsychologically depleted, is now commonly associated with human serviceprofessionals such as teachers, nurses, social workers, police officers, physicians, andtherapists.Introduction to the definitions of burnout is useful for further discussion onteacher burnout, so several of them are stated here. However, it must be realized thatjust as some scholars (Maslach, Schaufeli & Leiter, 2001, 402) believe: “Burnout wasinitially a very slippery concept—there was no standard definition of it, althoughthere were a wide variety of opinions about what it was and what could be done aboutit.”Freudenberger (1977) identified burnout as “cynicism, negativism, inflexibility,and rigidity of thinking, unhappiness, boredom, psychosomatic symptoms, and acondition in which the helping wears out in their pursuit of impossible goals”.Farber (1990, 24) defined it as “A work-related syndrome that stems from anindividual’s perception of a significant discrepancy between effort(input) andreward(output), this perception being influenced by individual, organizational, and social factors.” It occurs most often in those who work face to face with troubled orneedy clients and is typically marked by withdrawal from and cynicism toward clients,emotional and physical exhaustion, and various psychological symptoms, such asirritability, anxiety, sadness, and lowered self-esteem.
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2.2 Theoretical Foundations
Many theories can be used to support the researches on teacher burnout. Amongthem, humanism and the affective filter hypothesis are more appropriate to supportthis investigation. According to Rogers (1963), humanist theory views human beings asfundamentally different from other animals since humans are conscious beings whoare capable of thought, reason and language, they should be regarded as a whole andtheir needs, interests and emotions should be respected. Central to the humanisttheories of Carl Rogers are the subjective, conscious experiences of the individual.The theory states that psychologically healthy people enjoy life to be the fullestone. Hence, they are seen as fully functioning people.The humanistic approach emphasizes the personal worth of the individual, thecentrality of human values, and the creative, active nature of human beings. Theapproach is optimistic and focuses on noble human capacity to overcome hardship,pain and despair.According to humanistic psychologist, the nature of teaching is to help studentsbecome better people.
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ⅢMethodology...... 22
3.1 Objectives.... 22
3.2 Subjects....... 22
3.3 Instruments....... 24
3.4 Data Collection and Analysis..... 26
ⅣResults and Discussions.... 28
4.1 Results and Discussions of the Questionnaire...... 28
4.2 Results and Discussions of the Interview ....... 43
ⅤFindings and Implications..... 46
5.1 Findings....... 46
5.2 Implications...... 48本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。