英语论文网

[摘　要]人类的言语行为是一种信息传递,而语音是表达信息的媒介。重音和语调用来传达文字所不能传达的信息。因此,在语音教学中,要重视句子重音和语调的作用,才能培养学生在实际语境中的交际能力。一、引言从信息结构理论的角度看,人类的言语行为实际上就是一种信息传递[1]。人的每一句话都包含着信息——语音是表达信息的媒介,语调用来传达句子中词语所不能传达的信息。再从交际的角度看,人际间的交流是通过两种形式进行的,一是通过言语行为,二是通过非言语行为[2],重音和语调都是非言语行为的形式。重音是指在发一个词或音节的音时所用的力量要比周围的词或音节大或重,这时肺部要送出更多的空气。听着常可感到重读的单词或音节比其周围的单词或音节要响亮得多。句子重音就是指在表达一般意义的情况下,重读的音节或单词,比如,名词、动词、形容词、副词等,而弱读的有介词、代词、冠词、连词等。一个单词的重读音节相对稳定,尽管单词的含义会随着重读音节的不同而变化,而句子重音变化多端。语调是指人们说话时通常会提高或降低声音,有时会把一些音节说得更加响亮,改变言语节奏,这些现象就叫语调。语调不是随便出现的,它有一定的模式。语言学家将英语语调分为五种:降调、升调、低升调、降升调、升降调[3]。重音和语调常常用作交流信息、传递思想、表达感情以及态度等,而这些是文字力所不及的。二、句子重音和语调所承载的信息的具体应用我们熟悉的语调有降调和升调。陈述句、特殊疑问句用降调;一般疑问句用升调。但在人们的实际交往中,情况远非如此简单。下面将在具体的例子中分别讨论: (一)升调 11应答语用升调表示惊讶。A:L inda does a ll the cook ing herself!B:Does she?A:T he M cCa rtneys a re a ll vegeta rian s!B:A re they? 21 1)某些特殊疑问句用升调,显得亲切、温和。比如在询问小孩的姓名、年龄时。A:W ha t’s you r nam e?B:M y nam e is L inda.A:How o ld a re you?B:I’m 8 yea rs o ld.如用降调则显得生硬,像警察盘问嫌疑犯一样。2)特殊疑问句用于应答对方的话,用升调表示惊讶。A:I’ve been lea rn ing to drive fo r seven teen yea rs,youknow.B:How long did you say?A:T hey’ve go t 24 ch ildren,you know.B:How m any didyou say? 31用yes或者no应答时,通常情况下,用降调,而用升调表示询问。A:You can p hone m e a s la te a s you like.B:Yes?(=rea lly)A:I don’t like w a tch ing television.B:N o?(=w hy) 41用升调表示列举未完。A:I’m go ing to the sup erm a rket-do you w an t anyth ing?B:Yes,cou ld you get som e yogu rt,som e m u sta rd andsom e vinega r.A:I’m go ing to the snack ba r-do you w an t anyth ing?B:Yes,cou ld you get a sandw ich,a ham bu rger and som ecoke.5.附加问句部分用升调表示不知道而询问。A:You’ll be ab le to com e to the p a rty,w on’t you?A:W e can m eet aga in tom o rrow,can’t w e? (二)降升调 1.在请人帮忙或问路时用,插入语Excu se m e用降升调表示有礼貌,如果语调很平,则显得厌烦或没礼貌。Excu se m e,w here can I buy a new sp ap er?在读Excuse me时,开始高,中间降低,重音落在Excuse的重读音节上,末尾升高。Excu se m e,w here’s the nea rest bank? 2.简略应答语用降升调表示对发话者的话题感兴趣,想了解更多。A:L a st summ er w e h itchh iked a ll the w ay to T u rkey.B:D id you?A:W e w ere in H aw a ii th is tim e la st w eek?B:W ere you? 3.在回答一般疑问句时,简答语Yes用降升调暗示着不太热情或不太肯定。A:D id you like Sw itzerland?B:Yes...bu t I found Sw issp eop le very seriou s.A:Do you like Sichuan food?B:Yes...bu t I find Sichuanfood very ho t. 4.音节M mm用于应答时,用降升调委婉地表示不同意。A:A nd I rea lly w an t anyone else’s cu rta in s and ca rp ets,becau se they a re cheap er.B:M mm...(起音高,中间低,末尾升)A:I rea lly p refer o ld p laces to new,m odern fla ts,they’vego t m o re a tm o sp here.B:M mm... 5.应答语actua lly用降升调表示婉言谢绝。A:Cou ld I bo rrow th is reco rd?B:W ell,actua lly...it’sno t m ine.A:Do you m ind if I sm oke?B:W ell,actua lly...w e don’tlike sm oke. (三)升降调 1.简略应答语yes用升降调表示非常热情、肯定。A:D id you like Po rtuga l?B:Yes!I found Po rtuguesep eop le very friendly.A:D id you like Czecho slovak ia?B:Yes,I found Czechp eop le very sociab le.A:Cou ld you w a it fo r m e?B:Yes,of cou rse.A:Do you th ink you cou ld p a ss m e the sa lt?B:Yes,ofcou rse. (四)降调 1.音节M mm用于应答时,用降调表示完全同意、赞成。A:I th ink the m o st im po rtan t th ing is good p ub lictran spo rt.B:M mm... 2.简答语Yes用降调表示热情、肯定、有礼貌。1)A:Do you like English m u sic?B:Yeah,it’s grea t!2)A:W ou ld you like a cup of tea?B:Yes,p lea se. 3.附加疑问句用降调表示说话者已经知道情况而想进一步确认。A:You studied com p u ter science a t un iversity,didn’t you?B:Yes,tha t’s righ t.A:You’ve a lso w o rked in A u stra lia,haven’t you?B:Yes,I have. 4.表示客气地提建议时,用降调,shou ld不重读。A:I’ve go t h iccup s!B:You shou ld ho ld you r b rea th.A:I’ve go t a terrib le co ld!B:You shou ld drink a lo t ofw a ter.如果重读should则表示过于强调,近似于一道命令。You should p u t you r l