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s. Scholars at home and abroad have researched the definition, classification,feature and function and some scholars have also studied other filed of pragmaticmarkers such as the learning and translation of pragmatic markers. Pragmatic markersare a common language phenomenon in verbal communication. The pragmaticmarkers are mainly used to express pragmatic information and some particularpragmatic functions. Those are commonly used as pragmatic markers includeconjunctions, adverbs, interjections as well as certain phrases and so on. About thedefinition of pragmatic markers, different researchers have different definitions.Levinson (1983: 87-88) suggests that some words and phrases as anindependent category may be considered worthy of further and deeper study. In hisbook Pragmatics Levinson wrote:“… There are many words and phrases in English,and no doubt most languages indicate the relationship between the utterance and theprior discourse. For example :but, therefore, in conclusion, to the contrary, still,however, anyway, well, besides, actually, all in all, so, after all, and so on. It isgenerally conceded that such words have at least a component of meaning that resiststruth conditional treatment… What they seem to do is indicate, often in very complexways, just how the utterance that contains them is a response to, or a continuation of,some portion of the prior discourse”.
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2.2 Features of pragmatic markers
Authough, different scholars have different approaches to analyze the features ofpragmatic markers. Generally speaking, pragmatic markers have some commonfeatures, for example, they are always at the start of utterance and they are short andphonologically reduced. They don’t have real meaning in sentence structure. There areno defferences of the sentence meaning even if we remove them away from thesentences, because they are non-truth-conditional. They are used more frequently inoral discourse than in written discourse. Although they have little or no propositionalmeaning, they are necessary for sentence sturcture to express many pragmaticfunctuons.Pragmatic markers mainly play their role in pragmatic dimension, they are somegrammatical means and used to make the syntactic structure complete. In Relevance-Theoretical perspective the use of such expressions is to be expected tominimize processing costs. For example, in the following sentence: It’s only 6c’clock,but the manager is already in his office. Here but does not have a representationalmeaning it doesn’s mean to change the topic but to express the speaker’s surprise tothe fact. Here it has a procedural meaning, which consists of instructions about how tomanipulate the conceptual representation of the utterance. Pragmatic markers are theresult of grammaticalization. In the development of language, some words which hadtheir conceptional meaning at the very beginning were used and restricted to adapt thechange; gradually these words lost their conceptional meaning and acquired a newand more abstract meaning. The pragmatic markers also experienced the process.Pragmatic markers usually express procedural meaning which means that pragmaticmarkers mainly play the role of organizing and constructing text. Pragmatic markersoften have an independent role which can organize and construct text and constraintthe understanding of utterances as well as can express pragmatic information.
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