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ation forms are used for politeness? 2. How are duplication forms used for politeness? 3. Why is it possible for duplication forms to achieve politeness? 
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Chapter Two   Literature Review

2.1   Previous Studies on Politeness 
 In  this  section,  different  views  towards  the  nature  of  politeness  are  examined followed  by  major  theories  of  politeness  including  the  Politeness  Principle  proposed by  Leech  (1983),  Brown  and  Levinson’s  Politeness  Theory  (1987),  politeness  model by  Gu  Yueguo  (1990),  and  Speech  Act  Theory  by  Searle  (1979).  Besides,  two  basic types of politeness, positive politeness and negative politeness are also presented. In  linguistics,  politeness  has  been  an  extremely  productive  area  for  the application of pragmatic analysis, particularly over the last couple of decades. In spite of  the  amount  of  literature  on  politeness,  researchers  are  still  overwhelmed  by  the difficulty in the delimitation of politeness.       There  are  two  basic  goals  in  verbal  communication,  one  of  them  is  to  convey information  or  to  perform  actions,  and  the  other  is  to  maintain  interpersonal relationships.  (Ran  Yongping,  2012)  Grice  (1975)  argues  that  communicators  are rational  individuals  who  are  primarily  interested  in  the  efficient  conveying  of messages.  Whereas,  Leech  (1983)  holds  that  we  should  not  regard  politeness  as  a process of pragmatic inferencing, but rather as the achievement of certain social goals , such  as  the  ultimate  goal  of  comity.  Lakoff  was  among  the  first  to  deal  with ‘politeness’  as  a  complementary  element  to  Gricean  Maxims  of  Cooperation.  She suggests that politeness is to establish and maintain social relationships. (Lakoff, 1973) At the basic level, politeness is to be considerate for others. She interprets politeness as  forms  of  behavior  which  have  been  developed  in  societies  so  as  to  reduce interpersonal conflicts. 
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2.2   Previous Studies on Duplication Forms in Chinese 

The  duplication  form,  as  a  main  grammatical  structure  in  Chinese,  has  been attached  great  importance  in  the  field  of  linguistic  study.  It  has  aroused  immense interests among scholars and linguistics.  Based  on  previous  findings,  verbal  duplication  form  and  adjective  duplication form 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。