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y many writers, the methodology finds its origin in the social experiments of Kurt Lewin in the 1940s. Embedded in a deep relationship between a motivation to change and action, Lewin affirmed that if people are active in the decisions that affect them, it is more likely to they adopt new ways and therefore, 'rational social management' proceeds in a spiral of steps, 'each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action and fact-finding about the result of the action' (Lewin, 1958: 201).

Another remarkable attempt to explain Action Research came through when Stringer (1999) introduced a simple but highly effective model for approaching action research called Community-based Action Research. Enacted through an explicit set of social values, it is seen as a process of inquiry that is democratic, equitable, librating and life enhancing. The model simply explains action research as a process of: Look- building a picture and gathering information;Think- interpreting and explaining;Act- resolving issues and problems (Stringer, 1999).

Co-operative Inquiry 合作调查

Progressive in the body-of-knowledge on action research, Reason (2001) identified three broad strategies for the practice of action research: first-person action research, second-person action research and third-person action research; whilst emphasising that the aim of action research is not just based on deducing an abstract or descriptive theory, rather it steers towards inquiry and action in present time.

Described as a method that addresses an individual's ability practice an inquiring approach to his or her own life, acting with awareness and choices and while assessing the impact of his or her actions on the outside world (Reason, 2001), first-person inquiry compels individuals to ask a series of who, what, why and what if sort of questions in their lives centred on a 'for me' approach to inquiring.

In second-person inquiry, researchers have the ability to inquire with other people on common grounds of interest in a co-operative manner. It trails an approach that views the inquiry as 'for us'. Consequently, second-person inquiry is best articulated through co-operative inquiry.

Based on a philosophy that 'good research is research with people rather than on people', co-operative inquiry focuses on the need to understand our world, making sense of things individually and collectively with an aim to eventually transform our everyday practice.

Co-operative inquiry operates a model where members of a group contribute to the ideas that inform their research and are involved in the activity being researched. Each one has a say in deciding questions to be addressed, presents useful ideas and makes input before conclusions are reached. When co-operative inquiry occurs, everyone involved is a 'co-researcher' or a 'co-subject' and thus, the traditional 'researcher' and 'subjects' scenario does not exist (Reason, 1999).

In relation to knowledge acquisition, co-operative inquiry was described by Reason (1999) as an 'extended epistemology'. Epistemology is a theory of knowledge that relates to what knowledge is, how it is acquired, w本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。