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oses a problem, Jaramillo's research, (2005) found a story of a man who was punished for holding an umbrella while helping an elderly woman who had fallen. Holding an umbrella while in uniform was against policy, but he was doing his public service, conflicting his internal and external policies. Besides dealing with the administration, officers have to deal with their coworkers who are also under high stress.

Group cohesion is very important, especially in a job where you have to mutually trust another person with your life. 'Charismatic and transformati1onal leadership theories suggest that employees who work under the supervision of supportive as opposed to non-supportive and inflexible leaders often have positive attitudes towards their jobs' (Jaramillo et al., 2005, p. 4). A strong and positive group helps to increase morale, and provides confidence amongst each other. 'Noteworthy is the face that job satisfaction is the strongest predictors of organizational commitment' (Jaramillo et al., 2005, p. 4). A cohesive group will also make the individual more likely to want to work, and their work will be more productive, benefiting the officer and his community.

男职员V女职员-Male v Female Officers

It is important to examine both male and female officers separately because each gender faces their own set of issues. 'Women police officers' stress, therefore, may be predicted by a set of problems in the workplace that are not predictive of men's stress' (Morash, Kwak, & Haarr, 2006, p. 2). By studying both males and females, programs can better help police deal with their stress and avoid occupational 'burnout'. 'Maslach defines burnout as a syndrome comprising emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced sense of personal accomplishment that often develops among individuals who do people work' (Johnson, Todd, & Subramanian, 2005, p. 6).

Initially, women suffer the strain of being classified as a 'policeman', working in a male dominated field. Some females also feel the need to prove their worth in order to gain respect with the men, putting extra pressure on themselves. Both genders face strain from the norms of the job but females are constantly harassed by gender discrimination. 'a€|female officers may be subjected to gender discrimination from male officers and supervisors. Female officers felt that their male partners provided inadequate backup and questioned their abilities' In fact, 'research in other organizational contexts has shown that women consistently report higher levels of psychological and physical stress than their male coworkers' (McCarty et al., 2007, p. 3). It is important to discriminate against women, it will eventually cause problems internally and externally.

Police departments must deal with gender issues very carefully. The political part of the administration will greatly affect the department's budget and will highly influence citizens when voting to raise the budget. If a female worker feels sexually harassed, she can sue which leads to stress throughout the entire division. This will give the male officers a bad reputation from other female officers and the local citizens. If serious enough, a few officers may even be forced to leave their job. It is important to analyze both male and female police.

影响:身体、情感和行为-Effects: Physical, Emotional, and Behavioral

Physic